{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005762221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2973982","title":"An Automatic R and T Peak Detection Method Based on the Combination of Hierarchical Clustering and Discrete Wavelet Transform","display_name":"An Automatic R and T Peak Detection Method Based on the Combination of Hierarchical Clustering and Discrete Wavelet Transform","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005762221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2973982","mag":"3005762221","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32078569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.2973982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2973982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016685708","display_name":"Hanjie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-8804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanjie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-8804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080441536","display_name":"Koushik Maharatna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6518-2755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koushik Maharatna","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97971773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"2825","last_page":"2832"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6526187658309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6263688206672668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5971381068229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qrs-complex","display_name":"QRS complex","score":0.5966856479644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5754167437553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.5362690091133118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5286617279052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.4494684040546417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qt-interval","display_name":"QT interval","score":0.43068674206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.33827030658721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1242435872554779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.0897240936756134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6526187658309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6263688206672668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5971381068229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111773187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969239","display_name":"QRS complex","level":2,"score":0.5966856479644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5754167437553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.5362690091133118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5286617279052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.4494684040546417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118441451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12074763","display_name":"QT interval","level":2,"score":0.43068674206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.33827030658721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1242435872554779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.0897240936756134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058067","descriptor_name":"Wavelet Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058067","descriptor_name":"Wavelet Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058067","descriptor_name":"Wavelet Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.2973982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2020.2973982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32078569","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32078569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:438399","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2020.2973982>).","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147612390","https://openalex.org/W1694175521","https://openalex.org/W1803364018","https://openalex.org/W1973249296","https://openalex.org/W1975756400","https://openalex.org/W1986594985","https://openalex.org/W2016354975","https://openalex.org/W2048815887","https://openalex.org/W2072377830","https://openalex.org/W2074820813","https://openalex.org/W2080883481","https://openalex.org/W2096911172","https://openalex.org/W2111285723","https://openalex.org/W2127510558","https://openalex.org/W2138245649","https://openalex.org/W2152606053","https://openalex.org/W2157618403","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2166704538","https://openalex.org/W2167465093","https://openalex.org/W2172107473","https://openalex.org/W2189239210","https://openalex.org/W2498597779","https://openalex.org/W2534152516","https://openalex.org/W2586757012","https://openalex.org/W2594432658","https://openalex.org/W2729660613","https://openalex.org/W2752763272","https://openalex.org/W2794105294","https://openalex.org/W2889838428","https://openalex.org/W2890652590","https://openalex.org/W2984270336","https://openalex.org/W4254981465"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W183670115","https://openalex.org/W1501179639","https://openalex.org/W3199035354","https://openalex.org/W2085792030","https://openalex.org/W1807354010","https://openalex.org/W3143644526","https://openalex.org/W1588899229","https://openalex.org/W1918078477","https://openalex.org/W2172291505","https://openalex.org/W2023142747"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,130],"detection":[1,48],"and":[2,6,45,52,127,143,174,197],"delineation":[3],"of":[4,67,98,110,136,141,157,162,186],"QRS-complexes":[5],"T-waves":[7],"in":[8,164,201],"Electrocardiogram":[9],"(ECG)":[10],"is":[11,72,88,102,192],"an":[12],"important":[13],"task":[14],"because":[15],"these":[16],"features":[17],"are":[18,77],"associated":[19],"with":[20,194],"the":[21,43,46,58,62,68,92,96,106,111,116,123,147,179,187],"cardiac":[22,32],"abnormalities":[23],"including":[24],"ventricular":[25],"arrhythmias":[26],"that":[27],"may":[28],"lead":[29],"to":[30],"sudden":[31],"death.":[33],"In":[34,61,151,184],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38],"a":[39,65,134,138,155,159],"novel":[40],"method":[41],"for":[42],"R-peak":[44,131],"T-peak":[47,188],"using":[49,80,119],"hierarchical":[50,81],"clustering":[51],"Discrete":[53],"Wavelet":[54],"Transform":[55],"(DWT)":[56],"from":[57,122],"ECG":[59,70],"signal.":[60],"first":[63],"step,":[64],"template":[66,93],"single":[69],"beat":[71],"identified.":[73],"Secondly,":[74],"all":[75,120],"R-peaks":[76],"detected":[78],"by":[79,118],"clustering.":[82],"Then,":[83],"each":[84],"corresponding":[85],"T-wave":[86],"boundary":[87],"delineated":[89],"based":[90,104],"on":[91,105],"morphology.":[94],"Finally,":[95],"determination":[97],"T":[99],"wave":[100],"peaks":[101],"achieved":[103,133],"Modulus-Maxima":[107],"Analysis":[108],"(MMA)":[109],"DWT":[112],"coefficients.":[113],"We":[114],"evaluated":[115],"algorithm":[117,191],"records":[121],"MIT-BIH":[124,149],"arrhythmia":[125],"database":[126],"QT":[128,167,182,204],"database.":[129,150,168,183,205],"detector":[132],"sensitivity":[135,156,173,196],"99.89%,":[137],"positive":[139,160,176,199],"predictivity":[140,161,177,200],"99.97%":[142],"99.83%":[144,163],"accuracy":[145],"over":[146,178],"validation":[148],"addition,":[152],"it":[153],"shows":[154,171],"100%,":[158],"manually":[165,202],"annotated":[166,181,203],"It":[169],"also":[170],"99.92%":[172],"99.96%":[175],"automatic":[180],"terms":[185],"detection,":[189],"our":[190],"verified":[193],"99.91%":[195],"99.38%":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
