{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997354053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2961844","title":"Voice Conversion for Persons with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","display_name":"Voice Conversion for Persons with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997354053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2961844","mag":"2997354053","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31880571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2961844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2961844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7314644","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033518479","display_name":"Yunxin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-3692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-3692","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086236955","display_name":"Mili Kuruvilla-Dugdale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-2364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mili Kuruvilla-Dugdale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language & Hearing Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7900-2364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language & Hearing Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028632429","display_name":"Minguang Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minguang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0812,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77759206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"2942","last_page":"2949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10863","display_name":"Voice and Speech Disorders","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11358","display_name":"Dysphagia Assessment and Management","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysarthria","display_name":"Dysarthria","score":0.8045039176940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.669109582901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligibility","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","score":0.6320171356201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6180101037025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis","display_name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","score":0.5154293775558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-analysis","display_name":"Voice analysis","score":0.503086507320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosody","display_name":"Prosody","score":0.49883580207824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.46145591139793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/articulation","display_name":"Articulation (sociology)","score":0.4173333942890167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.3063541650772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2881266474723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15727028250694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.15143895149230957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777639682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225957","display_name":"Dysarthria","level":2,"score":0.8045039176940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.669109582901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433889","display_name":"Intelligibility (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6320171356201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6180101037025452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780596555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206901","display_name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","level":3,"score":0.5154293775558472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182964821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939498","display_name":"Voice analysis","level":2,"score":0.503086507320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542774811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10880526","display_name":"Prosody","level":2,"score":0.49883580207824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.46145591139793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779337067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4800961","display_name":"Articulation (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4173333942890167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.3063541650772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2881266474723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15727028250694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.15143895149230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000690","descriptor_name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000690","descriptor_name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000690","descriptor_name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000690","descriptor_name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000690","descriptor_name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000690","descriptor_name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003143","descriptor_name":"Communication Devices for People with Disabilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003143","descriptor_name":"Communication Aids for Disabled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003143","descriptor_name":"Communication Devices for People with Disabilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004401","descriptor_name":"Dysarthria","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004401","descriptor_name":"Dysarthria","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004401","descriptor_name":"Dysarthria","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004401","descriptor_name":"Dysarthria","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004401","descriptor_name":"Dysarthria","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004401","descriptor_name":"Dysarthria","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014831","descriptor_name":"Voice","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014831","descriptor_name":"Voice","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014831","descriptor_name":"Voice","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2961844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2961844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31880571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31880571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7314644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7314644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7314644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7314644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1133064472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R15 DC016383","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7590581371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R15 DC016383","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337352","display_name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhx6838"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533771558","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W1963778986","https://openalex.org/W1977362459","https://openalex.org/W1983813215","https://openalex.org/W2005768155","https://openalex.org/W2011378162","https://openalex.org/W2048646122","https://openalex.org/W2061366167","https://openalex.org/W2105698384","https://openalex.org/W2117429367","https://openalex.org/W2128413412","https://openalex.org/W2131062138","https://openalex.org/W2142300631","https://openalex.org/W2156142001","https://openalex.org/W2389245149","https://openalex.org/W2404189933","https://openalex.org/W2404839462","https://openalex.org/W2408732577","https://openalex.org/W2473388484","https://openalex.org/W2562075637","https://openalex.org/W2749651610","https://openalex.org/W2751318774","https://openalex.org/W2882976384","https://openalex.org/W2963035245","https://openalex.org/W2964243274","https://openalex.org/W2972689158","https://openalex.org/W4243203374","https://openalex.org/W6636915900","https://openalex.org/W6730700814","https://openalex.org/W6865566465"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084983866","https://openalex.org/W3012459429","https://openalex.org/W3008088358","https://openalex.org/W3015238377","https://openalex.org/W2027206961","https://openalex.org/W2318301054","https://openalex.org/W2754882168","https://openalex.org/W2091380405","https://openalex.org/W2299746430","https://openalex.org/W4312547701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Amyotrophic":[0],"lateral":[1],"sclerosis":[2],"(ALS)":[3],"results":[4],"in":[5],"progressive":[6,101],"paralysis":[7],"of":[8,32,63,77,91,105,114,143],"voluntary":[9],"muscles":[10],"throughout":[11],"the":[12,33,38,61,127,141,162,179,204,214,219,228,234,240,247,253],"body.":[13],"As":[14,126],"speech":[15,25,81,93,107,167,208,231,242,256],"deteriorates,":[16],"individuals":[17,110],"rely":[18,87],"on":[19,23,37,88,201],"pre-programmed":[20],"messages":[21],"available":[22],"commercial":[24],"generating":[26],"devices":[27],"to":[28,52,86,130,189,227,233,246,252],"communicate":[29],"using":[30],"one":[31],"generic":[34,43],"electronic":[35],"voices":[36,44,55],"device.":[39],"To":[40],"replace":[41],"these":[42,132],"and":[45,109,123,139,160,182,238],"restore":[46],"vocal":[47],"identity,":[48],"our":[49],"aim":[50],"is":[51,68],"develop":[53],"personalized":[54],"for":[56,157,166],"people":[57,73],"with":[58,95,150,187],"ALS":[59,185],"via":[60],"approach":[62,142,206],"voice":[64,221],"conversion.":[65],"The":[66],"task":[67],"challenging":[69],"because":[70],"very":[71],"few":[72],"have":[74,85],"large":[75,106],"quantities":[76,90],"their":[78],"premorbid":[79],"healthy":[80,136,175],"recorded.":[82],"Therefore,":[83],"we":[84,134],"small":[89],"dysarthric":[92],"concomitant":[94],"an":[96],"individual's":[97],"disease":[98],"stage.":[99],"Further,":[100],"fatigue":[102],"prohibits":[103],"acquisition":[104],"datasets":[108],"display":[111],"a":[112,145],"range":[113],"dysarthria":[115],"severities":[116],"resulting":[117],"from":[118,178],"breathing,":[119],"voice,":[120],"articulation,":[121],"resonance,":[122],"prosody":[124],"disturbances.":[125],"first":[128],"step":[129],"address":[131],"problems,":[133],"use":[135],"source":[137,176,235,254],"speakers":[138,177,186],"propose":[140],"combining":[144],"structured":[146],"sparse":[147],"spectral":[148,158,164],"transform":[149],"multiple":[151],"linear":[152],"regression-based":[153],"frequency":[154],"warping":[155],"prediction":[156],"conversion,":[159],"interpolating":[161],"transformed":[163],"frames":[165],"rate":[168],"modification.":[169],"Our":[170],"experimental":[171],"data":[172],"included":[173],"four":[174,183],"ARCTIC":[180],"dataset,":[181],"target":[184,215,229],"mild":[188],"severe":[190],"dysarthria,":[191],"forming":[192],"16":[193],"speaker":[194],"pairs.":[195],"Subjective":[196],"listening":[197],"evaluations":[198],"showed":[199],"that":[200],"average,":[202],"(i)":[203],"proposed":[205],"improved":[207],"intelligibility":[209],"by":[210],"about":[211],"80%":[212],"over":[213],"speakers'":[216,230,236,255],"speech,":[217,237],"(ii)":[218],"converted":[220,241],"was":[222,244],"3":[223],"times":[224],"more":[225],"similar":[226],"than":[232],"(iii)":[239],"quality":[243],"close":[245],"MOS":[248],"scale":[249],"\"good\"":[250],"relative":[251],"being":[257],"\"excellent.\"":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}