{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2942843251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2914690","title":"A Hybrid Global-Local Representation CNN Model for Automatic Cataract Grading","display_name":"A Hybrid Global-Local Representation CNN Model for Automatic Cataract Grading","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2942843251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2914690","mag":"2942843251","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31059460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2914690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2914690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101680620","display_name":"Xi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5269-0651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5269-0651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101646164","display_name":"Linglin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0412-0302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linglin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393880","display_name":"Jianqiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1995-9249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianqiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1995-9249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100782390","display_name":"Yu Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-7273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-7273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425695","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0665-8885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294606314","display_name":"Beijing Tongren Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/013e4n276","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183519381","display_name":"Capital Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xs5b60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183519381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for IoT Software and Systems, School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294606314","https://openalex.org/I183519381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0067,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":134,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98484068,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"556","last_page":"567"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8054059743881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7352421283721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6542918682098389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5382900238037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5073232054710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4977853298187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48820048570632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.4167234003543854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8054059743881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7352421283721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6542918682098389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5382900238037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5073232054710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4977853298187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48820048570632935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4167234003543854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002386","descriptor_name":"Cataract","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002386","descriptor_name":"Cataract","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002386","descriptor_name":"Cataract","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2019.2914690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2019.2914690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31059460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31059460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7972079571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB1400803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121655352","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1897657709","https://openalex.org/W1977880724","https://openalex.org/W1996551919","https://openalex.org/W2040584809","https://openalex.org/W2041020055","https://openalex.org/W2042047888","https://openalex.org/W2060889319","https://openalex.org/W2075176951","https://openalex.org/W2078469188","https://openalex.org/W2087143906","https://openalex.org/W2095215022","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2099838434","https://openalex.org/W2099989407","https://openalex.org/W2100128988","https://openalex.org/W2106879392","https://openalex.org/W2115355353","https://openalex.org/W2116360511","https://openalex.org/W2121088185","https://openalex.org/W2125036621","https://openalex.org/W2139670559","https://openalex.org/W2148989687","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2173657784","https://openalex.org/W2173885068","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2198235674","https://openalex.org/W2321432305","https://openalex.org/W2403647744","https://openalex.org/W2535809950","https://openalex.org/W2616728375","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2743461367","https://openalex.org/W2886438696","https://openalex.org/W2909848348","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6644757271","https://openalex.org/W6678195488","https://openalex.org/W6680673015","https://openalex.org/W6728605267","https://openalex.org/W6742415776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064165679","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W4399254932"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cataract":[0],"is":[1,31,151,174],"one":[2],"of":[3,20,29,50,70,79,98,128,197,209,220],"the":[4,18,26,34,39,47,77,87,99,124,129,165,169,194,201,207,217],"most":[5],"serious":[6],"eye":[7],"diseases":[8],"leading":[9],"to":[10,53,109,139,153,164,215],"blindness.":[11,55],"Early":[12],"detection":[13,52],"and":[14,67,120,147],"treatment":[15],"can":[16],"reduce":[17],"rate":[19],"blindness":[21],"in":[22,185],"cataract":[23,36,51,84,158,186,222],"patients.":[24],"However,":[25],"professional":[27],"knowledge":[28],"ophthalmologists":[30],"necessary":[32],"for":[33,46,83],"clinical":[35],"detection.":[37],"Therefore,":[38],"potential":[40],"costs":[41],"may":[42,91],"make":[43],"it":[44],"difficult":[45],"widespread":[48],"use":[49,78],"prevent":[54],"Artificial":[56],"intelligence":[57],"assisted":[58],"diagnosis":[59],"based":[60,116],"on":[61,76,117],"medical":[62],"images":[63],"has":[64,122],"attracted":[65],"more":[66,68],"attention":[69],"researchers.":[71],"Many":[72],"studies":[73,103],"have":[74,104],"focused":[75],"pre-defined":[80],"feature":[81,89,167,212],"sets":[82,90],"classification,":[85],"but":[86,114],"predefined":[88],"be":[92],"incomplete":[93],"or":[94],"redundant.":[95],"On":[96],"account":[97],"aforementioned":[100],"issues,":[101],"some":[102],"proposed":[105],"deep":[106],"learning":[107],"methods":[108],"automatically":[110],"extract":[111],"image":[112],"features,":[113],"all":[115],"global":[118,166],"features":[119,142],"none":[121],"analyzed":[123],"layer-by-layer":[125],"transformation":[126],"process":[127],"middle-tier":[130],"features.":[131],"This":[132],"paper":[133],"uses":[134],"convolutional":[135],"neural":[136],"networks":[137],"(CNN)":[138],"learn":[140],"useful":[141],"directly":[143],"from":[144],"input":[145],"data,":[146],"deconvolution":[148],"network":[149],"method":[150],"employed":[152],"investigate":[154],"how":[155],"CNN":[156],"characterizes":[157],"layer-by-layer.":[159],"We":[160],"found":[161],"that":[162],"compared":[163],"set,":[168],"detail":[170],"vascular":[171],"information,":[172],"which":[173],"lost":[175],"after":[176],"multi-layer":[177],"convolution":[178],"calculation":[179],"also":[180],"plays":[181],"an":[182],"important":[183],"role":[184],"grading":[187],"task.":[188],"And":[189],"this":[190],"finding":[191],"fits":[192],"with":[193],"morphological":[195],"definition":[196],"fundus":[198],"image.":[199],"Through":[200],"finding,":[202],"we":[203],"gained":[204],"insights":[205],"into":[206],"design":[208],"hybrid":[210],"global-local":[211],"representation":[213],"model":[214],"improve":[216],"recognition":[218],"performance":[219],"automatic":[221],"grading.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}