{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088478798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2014.2303991","title":"Analysis and Classification of Sleep Stages Based on Difference Visibility Graphs From a Single-Channel EEG Signal","display_name":"Analysis and Classification of Sleep Stages Based on Difference Visibility Graphs From a Single-Channel EEG Signal","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088478798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2014.2303991","mag":"2088478798","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25375678"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2014.2303991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2014.2303991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037385933","display_name":"Guohun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3356-8236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guangxi, China","University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443879","display_name":"Yan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4694-4926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100725992","display_name":"Peng Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0939-9145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":380,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98653126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"1813","last_page":"1821"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility-graph","display_name":"Visibility graph","score":0.8066167831420898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7049299478530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.653462827205658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6373996138572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5808591842651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.5734027028083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5348630547523499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epoch","display_name":"Epoch (astronomy)","score":0.5283318758010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5231196284294128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.5068474411964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.4914449453353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4677068591117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-stages","display_name":"Sleep Stages","score":0.4635109007358551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4238448143005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4214269518852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29165583848953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.23100054264068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.22684937715530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2188902497291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1911868155002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12096846103668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.08710408210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08680883049964905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173362246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8216024","display_name":"Visibility graph","level":3,"score":0.8066167831420898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7049299478530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.653462827205658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6373996138572693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5808591842651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.5734027028083801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5348630547523499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780317896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2703","display_name":"Epoch (astronomy)","level":3,"score":0.5283318758010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5231196284294128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.5068474411964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.4914449453353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4677068591117859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.4635109007358551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4238448143005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4214269518852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29165583848953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.23100054264068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.22684937715530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2188902497291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1911868155002594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12096846103668213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.08710408210754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08680883049964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2014.2303991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2014.2303991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25375678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25375678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.library.uq.edu.au:UQ:8c194a5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402388","display_name":"Queensland's institutional digital repository (The University of Queensland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","host_organization_name":"The University of Queensland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503945204","https://openalex.org/W1537512715","https://openalex.org/W1768257245","https://openalex.org/W1966304312","https://openalex.org/W1974498657","https://openalex.org/W1975527028","https://openalex.org/W1982754133","https://openalex.org/W1984968503","https://openalex.org/W1986851468","https://openalex.org/W1989847754","https://openalex.org/W1996369579","https://openalex.org/W1999703755","https://openalex.org/W2001150734","https://openalex.org/W2009633108","https://openalex.org/W2017849667","https://openalex.org/W2021248019","https://openalex.org/W2021589706","https://openalex.org/W2030105977","https://openalex.org/W2033172224","https://openalex.org/W2043224204","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2055538060","https://openalex.org/W2085136972","https://openalex.org/W2086943666","https://openalex.org/W2093759527","https://openalex.org/W2095518456","https://openalex.org/W2102376611","https://openalex.org/W2131659142","https://openalex.org/W2135280991","https://openalex.org/W2144691514","https://openalex.org/W2148104502","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2171558106","https://openalex.org/W2260311920","https://openalex.org/W2963768879","https://openalex.org/W6692304565"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2743652671","https://openalex.org/W3188793535","https://openalex.org/W2032709970","https://openalex.org/W2066813664","https://openalex.org/W2094166299","https://openalex.org/W2519024191","https://openalex.org/W2963183586","https://openalex.org/W2159176266","https://openalex.org/W4388826510","https://openalex.org/W1608416195"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85,153],"existing":[1],"sleep":[2,18,143,178,189],"stages":[3,19,144],"classification":[4,160],"methods":[5],"are":[6,99,127,133,161,180,197],"mainly":[7],"based":[8,20],"on":[9,21,95,175,184],"time":[10],"or":[11],"frequency":[12],"features.":[13],"This":[14],"paper":[15],"classifies":[16],"the":[17,59,63,66,70,80,109,142,170,173,176,185,192,195,199],"graph":[22,43],"domain":[23],"features":[24,132],"from":[25,65,102,124],"a":[26,41,46,51,136],"single-channel":[27],"electroencephalogram":[28],"(EEG)":[29],"signal.":[30],"First,":[31],"each":[32,112,125],"epoch":[33],"(30":[34],"s)":[35],"EEG":[36,106],"signal":[37],"is":[38,55],"mapped":[39],"into":[40,145],"visibility":[42],"(VG)":[44],"and":[45,77,89,97,114,116,150,155,163,187,191],"horizontal":[47],"VG":[48,53,71],"(HVG).":[49],"Second,":[50],"difference":[52],"(DVG)":[54],"obtained":[56],"by":[57],"subtracting":[58],"edges":[60,67],"set":[61,68],"of":[62,69,105,111,121,158,172,194],"HVG":[64,115],"to":[72,78,135,140],"extract":[73],"essential":[74],"degree":[75,90],"sequences":[76],"detect":[79],"gait-related":[81],"movement":[82],"artifact":[83],"recordings.":[84],"mean":[86],"degrees":[87],"(MDs)":[88],"distributions":[91],"(DDs)":[92],"P":[93,122],"(k)":[94,123],"HVGs":[96,196],"DVGs":[98],"analyzed":[100],"epoch-by-epoch":[101],"14,963":[103],"segments":[104],"signals.":[107],"Then,":[108],"MDs":[110,171,193],"DVG":[113,126],"seven":[117],"distinguishable":[118],"DD":[119],"values":[120],"extracted.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"nine":[130],"extracted":[131],"forwarded":[134],"support":[137],"vector":[138],"machine":[139],"classify":[141],"two,":[146],"three,":[147],"four,":[148],"five,":[149],"six":[151],"states.":[152],"accuracy":[154],"kappa":[156],"coefficients":[157],"six-state":[159],"87.5%":[162],"0.81,":[164],"respectively.":[165],"It":[166],"was":[167],"found":[168],"that":[169],"VGs":[174],"deep":[177],"stage":[179],"higher":[181],"than":[182],"those":[183],"awake":[186],"light":[188],"stages,":[190],"just":[198],"reverse.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}