{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043404045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2013.2276766","title":"Removing Batch Effects From Histopathological Images for Enhanced Cancer Diagnosis","display_name":"Removing Batch Effects From Histopathological Images for Enhanced Cancer Diagnosis","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043404045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2013.2276766","mag":"2043404045","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24808220"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2013.2276766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2013.2276766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5003052","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111775666","display_name":"Sonal Kothari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sonal Kothari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","[School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074230084","display_name":"John H. Phan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4670-2660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John H. Phan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103552975","display_name":"Todd H. Stokes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd H. Stokes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044490149","display_name":"Adeboye O. Osunkoya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-8134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeboye O. Osunkoya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA","Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga., USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112081743","display_name":"Andrew N. Young","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1305001552","display_name":"Grady Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/009hj8759","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305001552","https://openalex.org/I4210092882"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092882","display_name":"Grady Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/00k1xr956","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew N. Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University and Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA","Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Emory University and Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University and Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092882","https://openalex.org/I1305001552"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Emory University and Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1305001552","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I4210092882"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030096887","display_name":"May D. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-3608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"May D. Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Winship Cancer Institute, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute of People and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Winship Cancer Institute, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute of People and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111775666"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9885,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82502973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"765","last_page":"772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8883769512176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7058299779891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6301536560058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/batch-processing","display_name":"Batch processing","score":0.621626615524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.614467203617096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5731682181358337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5138711929321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.4180380702018738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8883769512176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7058299779891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6301536560058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172658912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661613","display_name":"Batch processing","level":2,"score":0.621626615524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.614467203617096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5731682181358337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5138711929321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.4180380702018738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006651","descriptor_name":"Histocytochemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006651","descriptor_name":"Histocytochemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006651","descriptor_name":"Histocytochemistry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008491","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics Applications","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jbhi.2013.2276766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2013.2276766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24808220","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24808220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5003052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5003052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5003052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5003052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2141294610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1RC2CA148265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3802573342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01CA163256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4333597348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U54CA119338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307760","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard Development Company","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1736353512","https://openalex.org/W1980531127","https://openalex.org/W1986849266","https://openalex.org/W2021348639","https://openalex.org/W2025183726","https://openalex.org/W2049446938","https://openalex.org/W2058490961","https://openalex.org/W2094599926","https://openalex.org/W2101061221","https://openalex.org/W2103243046","https://openalex.org/W2107665951","https://openalex.org/W2124155137","https://openalex.org/W2126846422","https://openalex.org/W2131987814","https://openalex.org/W2132162500","https://openalex.org/W2140345723","https://openalex.org/W2146655125","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2159551006","https://openalex.org/W2160633263","https://openalex.org/W2172246201","https://openalex.org/W3209544266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W3027745756","https://openalex.org/W3205213561","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W2531880140","https://openalex.org/W2904022177","https://openalex.org/W2359348847","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W2062283790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Researchers":[0],"have":[1],"developed":[2],"computer-aided":[3],"decision":[4],"support":[5],"systems":[6,26],"for":[7],"translational":[8],"medicine":[9],"that":[10,36,110,123],"aim":[11],"to":[12,130,145],"objectively":[13],"and":[14,52,82,98,140,153,157],"efficiently":[15],"diagnose":[16],"cancer":[17],"using":[18,48],"histopathological":[19,41],"images.":[20],"However,":[21],"the":[22,84],"performance":[23,150],"of":[24,67,70,90,116,155],"such":[25],"is":[27,56,72,112],"confounded":[28],"by":[29],"nonbiological":[30],"experimental":[31],"variations":[32],"or":[33],"\"batch":[34],"effects\"":[35],"can":[37,76],"commonly":[38],"occur":[39],"in":[40,60,63,118,151],"data,":[42],"especially":[43,136],"when":[44],"images":[45],"are":[46],"acquired":[47],"different":[49],"imaging":[50],"devices":[51],"patient":[53],"samples.":[54],"This":[55],"even":[57],"more":[58],"problematic":[59],"large-scale":[61],"studies":[62],"which":[64],"cross-laboratory":[65],"sharing":[66],"large":[68,114],"volumes":[69],"data":[71],"necessary.":[73],"Batch":[74],"effects":[75],"change":[77],"quantitative":[78],"morphological":[79],"image":[80,119],"features":[81],"decrease":[83],"prediction":[85,142,159],"performance.":[86,143],"Using":[87],"four":[88],"batches":[89],"renal":[91],"tumor":[92],"images,":[93],"we":[94],"compare":[95],"one":[96],"image-level":[97],"five":[99],"feature-level":[100,124,134],"batch":[101,111],"effect":[102],"removal":[103],"methods.":[104],"Principal":[105],"component":[106],"variation":[107],"analysis":[108],"shows":[109],"a":[113],"source":[115],"variance":[117,129],"features.":[120],"Results":[121],"show":[122],"normalization":[125],"methods":[126],"reduce":[127],"batch-contributed":[128],"almost":[131],"zero.":[132],"Moreover,":[133],"normalization,":[135,147],"ComBatN,":[137],"improves":[138,149],"cross-batch":[139,156],"combined-batch":[141,158],"Compared":[144],"no":[146],"ComBatN":[148],"83%":[152],"90%":[154],"models,":[160],"respectively.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}