{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414170467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143360","title":"CARD: Cost-Efficient and Availability-Aware Application Deployment in Geo-Distributed Clouds","display_name":"CARD: Cost-Efficient and Availability-Aware Application Deployment in Geo-Distributed Clouds","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414170467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143360","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/ACM 33rd International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113421041","display_name":"Jiayi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4452-6464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiayi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074187380","display_name":"Gongming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-8908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gongming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071644382","display_name":"Jing Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0034-3391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086088","display_name":"Guangxi Academy of Special Crops","ror":"https://ror.org/00gygke76","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112430","display_name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Health and Family Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/022z3g211","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of Digital Infrastructure, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Information Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Digital Infrastructure, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Information Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112430","https://openalex.org/I4210086088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018803737","display_name":"Yang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-3892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026477293","display_name":"Wentao Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7671-7831"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co. Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co. Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114019870","display_name":"Xiaohu Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co. Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co. Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382929","display_name":"Jun Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2682-8650"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co. Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co. Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113421041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35671789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.8952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7975999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disaster-recovery","display_name":"Disaster recovery","score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submodular-set-function","display_name":"Submodular set function","score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.43209999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.8952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7975999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129230348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140205","display_name":"Disaster recovery","level":2,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178621042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631710","display_name":"Submodular set function","level":2,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.43209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65813073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622420","display_name":"High availability","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87450203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831940","display_name":"Operating expense","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos65803.2025.11143360","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE/ACM 33rd International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3961584101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023481","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6852378384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372426,62132019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1549106046","https://openalex.org/W1980935130","https://openalex.org/W1997783781","https://openalex.org/W2024593967","https://openalex.org/W2055732821","https://openalex.org/W2063037514","https://openalex.org/W2094644823","https://openalex.org/W2102910133","https://openalex.org/W2117585734","https://openalex.org/W2118382442","https://openalex.org/W2152415706","https://openalex.org/W2169466806","https://openalex.org/W2500139799","https://openalex.org/W2515407229","https://openalex.org/W2549077625","https://openalex.org/W2556111255","https://openalex.org/W2573173437","https://openalex.org/W2765805166","https://openalex.org/W2799660634","https://openalex.org/W3033399411","https://openalex.org/W3042799967","https://openalex.org/W3135025685","https://openalex.org/W4206064361","https://openalex.org/W4206633371","https://openalex.org/W4213413378","https://openalex.org/W4214756537","https://openalex.org/W4236699348","https://openalex.org/W4283211930","https://openalex.org/W4386243253","https://openalex.org/W4399197395","https://openalex.org/W4400909552"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"reliance":[2],"on":[3,71,142,157],"cloud":[4,19,33],"services":[5],"has":[6],"made":[7],"availability":[8,45,173],"critical":[9],"for":[10],"global":[11],"business":[12],"continuity.":[13],"To":[14,30,108],"mitigate":[15],"disruptions":[16],"caused":[17],"by":[18,167,174],"outages,":[20],"many":[21],"large-scale":[22],"applications":[23],"maintain":[24],"core":[25],"functionality":[26],"through":[27],"multi-instance":[28],"deployments.":[29],"support":[31],"this,":[32],"providers":[34],"enable":[35],"cross-AZ":[36],"deployments":[37],"to":[38,95,177],"deliver":[39],"high":[40,44],"availability.":[41,85,107],"However,":[42],"pursuing":[43],"must":[46],"be":[47],"balanced":[48],"against":[49],"cost":[50,83],"efficiency,":[51],"which":[52],"presents":[53],"three":[54],"key":[55],"challenges:":[56],"electricity":[57],"price":[58],"disparity,":[59],"application":[60,97,106,119],"affinity":[61,98],"requirement,":[62],"and":[63,84,117,135,171],"disaster":[64,100],"recovery":[65,101],"demand.":[66],"Existing":[67],"research":[68],"primarily":[69],"focuses":[70],"single-region":[72],"optimization,":[73],"often":[74],"overlooking":[75],"the":[76,161],"potential":[77],"benefits":[78],"of":[79,149],"multi-region":[80,90],"deployment":[81,91,120],"in":[82,104,122],"While":[86],"some":[87],"works":[88],"explore":[89],"strategies,":[92],"they":[93],"fail":[94],"address":[96,109],"or":[99],"requirements,":[102],"resulting":[103],"low":[105],"this":[110,128],"issue,":[111],"we":[112,126],"propose":[113],"CARD,":[114],"a":[115,131],"cost-efficient":[116],"availability-aware":[118],"scheme":[121],"geodistributed":[123],"clouds.":[124],"Specifically,":[125],"formulates":[127],"problem":[129],"as":[130],"mixed-integer":[132],"nonlinear":[133],"program":[134],"designs":[136],"an":[137,146],"efficient":[138],"approximation":[139,147],"algorithm":[140],"based":[141],"submodular":[143],"function,":[144],"achieving":[145],"ratio":[148],"(<tex":[150],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[151],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$1-1":[152],"/":[153],"e$</tex>).":[154],"Large-scale":[155],"simulations":[156],"realworld":[158],"datasets":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"algorithm's":[162],"effectiveness,":[163],"overall":[164],"reducing":[165],"costs":[166],"20%":[168],"\u2013":[169],"50%":[170],"improving":[172],"90%":[175],"compared":[176],"existing":[178],"solutions.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
