{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092417240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos49365.2020.9212842","title":"Incentive Assignment in PoW and PoS Hybrid Blockchain in Pervasive Edge Environments","display_name":"Incentive Assignment in PoW and PoS Hybrid Blockchain in Pervasive Edge Environments","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092417240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos49365.2020.9212842","mag":"3092417240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwqos49365.2020.9212842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos49365.2020.9212842","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/ACM 28th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081094755","display_name":"Yaodong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6330-1386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaodong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, tony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, tony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059930412","display_name":"Yiming Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-4883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, tony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, tony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110343970","display_name":"Fan Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, tony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, tony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638446","display_name":"Yuanyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7296-9222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, tony Brook, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, tony Brook, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86650056,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9577000141143799,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8591810464859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.7898916006088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.7424968481063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7202958464622498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.7028064131736755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.6479544043540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5984776616096497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5909513831138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5740506052970886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5381691455841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.47564220428466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3331241011619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11594405770301819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.09005233645439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.08138957619667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07736191153526306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8591810464859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7898916006088257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.7424968481063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7202958464622498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.7028064131736755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.6479544043540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5984776616096497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5909513831138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5740506052970886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5381691455841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.47564220428466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3331241011619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11594405770301819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.09005233645439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08138957619667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07736191153526306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwqos49365.2020.9212842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwqos49365.2020.9212842","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/ACM 28th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W656369140","https://openalex.org/W1603765807","https://openalex.org/W1851144268","https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2183126124","https://openalex.org/W2291320712","https://openalex.org/W2292960922","https://openalex.org/W2425051923","https://openalex.org/W2578476968","https://openalex.org/W2604122668","https://openalex.org/W2735890942","https://openalex.org/W2803832916","https://openalex.org/W2805690413","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2904338335","https://openalex.org/W2907631762","https://openalex.org/W2912101130","https://openalex.org/W2915772005","https://openalex.org/W2921608598","https://openalex.org/W2944167178","https://openalex.org/W2949979136","https://openalex.org/W2981214342","https://openalex.org/W2982434383","https://openalex.org/W2982531698","https://openalex.org/W2987791904","https://openalex.org/W3105199623","https://openalex.org/W4236521384","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4297825594","https://openalex.org/W6696497002","https://openalex.org/W6696853060","https://openalex.org/W6732005782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3184636422","https://openalex.org/W3004627947","https://openalex.org/W3024473827","https://openalex.org/W3036149048","https://openalex.org/W4244176995","https://openalex.org/W3204539979","https://openalex.org/W3183834777","https://openalex.org/W3204695975","https://openalex.org/W3005560537","https://openalex.org/W4221045178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Edge":[0],"computing":[1],"is":[2,43],"becoming":[3],"pervasive":[4],"in":[5,57,171],"our":[6,158],"daily":[7],"lives":[8],"with":[9],"emerging":[10],"smart":[11,20],"devices":[12,21,92],"and":[13,22,39,66,79,131],"the":[14,62,68,89,96,103,109,137,142,145],"development":[15],"of":[16,76,81,91,98],"communication":[17],"technology.":[18],"Resource-rich":[19],"high-density":[23],"supportive":[24],"networks":[25],"make":[26],"data":[27],"transactions":[28,36,65],"prevalent":[29],"over":[30],"edge":[31,46,58,99,172],"environments.":[32,47,100],"To":[33],"ensure":[34],"such":[35],"are":[37],"unmodifiable":[38],"undeniable,":[40],"blockchain":[41,55,86,173],"technology":[42],"introduced":[44],"into":[45,122],"In":[48],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51],"propose":[52,73,128],"a":[53,74,114,123,150],"hybrid":[54,84],"system":[56,87,169],"environments":[59],"to":[60,93,95,165],"enhance":[61],"security":[63],"for":[64,70,141,149],"determine":[67],"incentive":[69,104,143,164],"miners.":[71],"We":[72,101,118,127],"Proof":[75,80],"Work":[77],"(PoW)":[78],"Stake":[82],"(PoS)":[83],"consensus":[85],"utilizing":[88],"heterogeneity":[90],"adapt":[94],"characteristic":[97],"raise":[102],"assignment":[105],"problem":[106],"that":[107,133,144,157],"gives":[108],"corresponding":[110],"PoW":[111],"miner":[112,146],"when":[113],"new":[115,151],"block":[116],"generates.":[117],"further":[119],"formulate":[120],"it":[121,134],"two-stage":[124],"Stackelberg":[125],"game.":[126],"an":[129],"algorithm":[130,160],"prove":[132],"can":[135,161],"obtain":[136],"global":[138],"optimal":[139],"results":[140,155],"will":[147],"receive":[148],"block.":[152],"Numerical":[153],"simulation":[154],"show":[156],"proposed":[159],"give":[162],"reasonable":[163],"miners":[166],"under":[167],"different":[168],"parameters":[170],"systems.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
