{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106603193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwpse.2003.1231215","title":"Stability and volatility in the Linux kernel","display_name":"Stability and volatility in the Linux kernel","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106603193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwpse.2003.1231215","mag":"2106603193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwpse.2003.1231215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwpse.2003.1231215","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, 2003. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020542138","display_name":"John Champaign","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Champaign","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Waterloo Univ., Ont., Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Waterloo Univ., Ont., Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008497778","display_name":"Andrew J. Malton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Malton","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Waterloo Univ., Ont., Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Waterloo Univ., Ont., Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103573879","display_name":"Xinyi Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Waterloo Univ., Ont., Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Waterloo Univ., Ont., Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020542138"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8994,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81244837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"95","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9685999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.7133758068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linux-kernel","display_name":"Linux kernel","score":0.7073825597763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.670203685760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reusability","display_name":"Reusability","score":0.6583220362663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5597039461135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.49636465311050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.48867014050483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.45725104212760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volatility","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","score":0.4562171697616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software","display_name":"Open source software","score":0.43455761671066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.42533689737319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.41723161935806274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.40684381127357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.39946842193603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.32836809754371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.18527686595916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16251549124717712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15025734901428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1351938247680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.08561351895332336}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.7133758068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553261973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579","display_name":"Linux kernel","level":2,"score":0.7073825597763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.670203685760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137981799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369184","display_name":"Reusability","level":3,"score":0.6583220362663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5597039461135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.49636465311050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.48867014050483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.45725104212760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91602232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4562171697616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988343187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645","display_name":"Open source software","level":3,"score":0.43455761671066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.42533689737319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.41723161935806274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.40684381127357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.39946842193603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.32836809754371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.18527686595916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16251549124717712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15025734901428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1351938247680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.08561351895332336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwpse.2003.1231215","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwpse.2003.1231215","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sixth International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, 2003. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322676","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41099606","https://openalex.org/W331011677","https://openalex.org/W1507539036","https://openalex.org/W1525831823","https://openalex.org/W1526586994","https://openalex.org/W1555501290","https://openalex.org/W1988249550","https://openalex.org/W2072632642","https://openalex.org/W2074476846","https://openalex.org/W2095954493","https://openalex.org/W2097895837","https://openalex.org/W2105376034","https://openalex.org/W2108278741","https://openalex.org/W2108303158","https://openalex.org/W2128679831","https://openalex.org/W2128780139","https://openalex.org/W2149494827","https://openalex.org/W2161917019","https://openalex.org/W2162329894","https://openalex.org/W2294305189","https://openalex.org/W2911809809","https://openalex.org/W4248575338","https://openalex.org/W4249537162","https://openalex.org/W4254118911","https://openalex.org/W6611316858","https://openalex.org/W6675770679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084068019","https://openalex.org/W2999781675","https://openalex.org/W2078744341","https://openalex.org/W2096532105","https://openalex.org/W2029555411","https://openalex.org/W4385245644","https://openalex.org/W2168886963","https://openalex.org/W2159730313","https://openalex.org/W1509265476","https://openalex.org/W2774439323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Packages":[0],"are":[1],"the":[2,31,40,45],"basic":[3],"units":[4],"of":[5,16,37,47,49],"release":[6],"and":[7,14,26],"reuse":[8],"in":[9,51],"software":[10,56],"development.":[11],"The":[12],"contents":[13],"boundaries":[15],"packages":[17,50],"should":[18],"therefore":[19],"be":[20],"chosen":[21],"to":[22,63],"minimize":[23],"change":[24,48],"propagation":[25],"maximize":[27],"reusability.":[28],"This":[29],"suggests":[30],"need":[32],"for":[33],"a":[34,53,64],"predictive":[35,81],"measure":[36],"stability":[38],"at":[39],"package":[41],"level.":[42],"We":[43,58],"observed":[44],"rates":[46],"Linux,":[52],"large":[54],"open-source":[55],"system.":[57],"compared":[59],"our":[60],"empirical":[61],"observations":[62],"theoretical":[65],"'stability":[66],"metric'":[67],"proposed":[68],"by":[69],"Martin.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"case,":[73],"we":[74],"found":[75],"that":[76],"Martin's":[77],"metric":[78],"has":[79],"no":[80],"value.":[82]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}