{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2156904990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030909","title":"Class-confidence critic combining","display_name":"Class-confidence critic combining","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2156904990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030909","mag":"2156904990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030909","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041611551","display_name":"Matti Aksela","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32943570","display_name":"Helsinki Institute for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kph4940","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I32943570","https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Aksela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto-yliopisto Insinooritieteiden korkeakoulu, Aalto, FI","Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto-yliopisto Insinooritieteiden korkeakoulu, Aalto, FI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32943570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042565719","display_name":"R. Girdziugas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Girdziugas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab. of Comput. & Inf. Sci., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab. of Comput. & Inf. Sci., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036133390","display_name":"Jorma Laaksonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-3131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32943570","display_name":"Helsinki Institute for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kph4940","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I32943570","https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Laaksonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32943570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085424325","display_name":"Erkki Oja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32943570","display_name":"Helsinki Institute for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kph4940","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052","https://openalex.org/I32943570","https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Oja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32943570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068617561","display_name":"Jari Kangas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-1862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Kangas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Research Center, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Research Center, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7051,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70163371,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"201","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7176333665847778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6405477523803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6366268992424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6211047172546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5308440923690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.4684583842754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.45364663004875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45304444432258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37729865312576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15406128764152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.06428214907646179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7176333665847778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6405477523803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6366268992424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6211047172546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5308440923690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4684583842754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.45364663004875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45304444432258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37729865312576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15406128764152527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.06428214907646179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030909","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.8.7964","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.8.7964","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cis.hut.fi/~vuokkov/hcr/AkselaIWFHR8.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012338341","https://openalex.org/W2110129072","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2126297944","https://openalex.org/W2154217226","https://openalex.org/W2166501286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251972423","https://openalex.org/W1503216044","https://openalex.org/W2393609567","https://openalex.org/W2369369044","https://openalex.org/W2354143083","https://openalex.org/W2372906645","https://openalex.org/W4319998713","https://openalex.org/W2892704491","https://openalex.org/W2106936331","https://openalex.org/W1985626581"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"discusses":[2],"a":[3],"combination":[4,34],"of":[5,13,57,65],"two":[6],"techniques":[7],"for":[8],"improving":[9],"the":[10,23,31,55],"recognition":[11],"accuracy":[12],"on-line":[14],"handwritten":[15],"character":[16],"recognition:":[17],"committee":[18,28],"classification":[19],"and":[20,39],"adaptation":[21],"to":[22,44,47],"user.":[24],"A":[25],"novel":[26],"adaptive":[27],"structure,":[29],"namely":[30],"class-confidence":[32],"critic":[33],"(CCCC)":[35],"scheme,":[36],"is":[37,42,68],"presented":[38],"evaluated.":[40],"It":[41],"shown":[43],"be":[45],"able":[46],"improve":[48],"significantly":[49],"on":[50],"its":[51],"member":[52,66],"classifiers.":[53],"Also":[54],"effect":[56],"having":[58],"either":[59],"more":[60],"or":[61],"less":[62],"diverse":[63],"sets":[64],"classifiers":[67],"considered.":[69]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}