{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2113935282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030888","title":"Context-dependent substroke model for HMM-based on-line handwriting recognition","display_name":"Context-dependent substroke model for HMM-based on-line handwriting recognition","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2113935282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030888","mag":"2113935282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030888","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068498694","display_name":"Junko Tokuno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5737-5311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177738480","display_name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frj4r98","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Tokuno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080970864","display_name":"Nozomu Inami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177738480","display_name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frj4r98","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Inami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077037266","display_name":"Shigeki Matsuda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177738480","display_name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frj4r98","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Matsuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066137210","display_name":"Masaaki Nakai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-2230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177738480","display_name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frj4r98","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Nakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062792381","display_name":"Hiroshi Shimodaira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8956-2816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177738480","display_name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frj4r98","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Shimodaira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003450550","display_name":"Shigeki Sagayama","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177738480","display_name":"Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frj4r98","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Sagayama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Japan","Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068498694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177738480"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84619603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"78","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.8912503719329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.7780693769454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kanji","display_name":"Kanji","score":0.7747200727462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7744263410568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.6281298995018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.5994977355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursive","display_name":"Cursive","score":0.5986082553863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5848489999771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5603560209274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.554472804069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5409349799156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48908692598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33219659328460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.23980611562728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.18463551998138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12482994794845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.07272332906723022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.8912503719329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.7780693769454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83535845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82772","display_name":"Kanji","level":3,"score":0.7747200727462769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7744263410568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.6281298995018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.5994977355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778943297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079418","display_name":"Cursive","level":2,"score":0.5986082553863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5848489999771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5603560209274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.554472804069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5409349799156189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48908692598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33219659328460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.23980611562728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.18463551998138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12482994794845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.07272332906723022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030888","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwfhr.2002.1030888","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:era.ed.ac.uk:1842/963","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055182","display_name":"ERA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1871667158","https://openalex.org/W1909921811","https://openalex.org/W1971081490","https://openalex.org/W2102903729","https://openalex.org/W2121879775","https://openalex.org/W2153305216","https://openalex.org/W2155673861","https://openalex.org/W2156154534","https://openalex.org/W2159428510","https://openalex.org/W2992780330"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3182629813","https://openalex.org/W1438840047","https://openalex.org/W2750694134","https://openalex.org/W2166347009","https://openalex.org/W1980766224","https://openalex.org/W2090546252","https://openalex.org/W2116232243","https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3199359807"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Describes":[0],"context-dependent":[1,93],"substroke":[2,26,57,94,101,136],"hidden":[3],"Markov":[4],"models":[5],"(HMMs)for":[6],"on-line":[7],"handwritten":[8],"recognition":[9,69,112,128,144],"of":[10,52,56,60,63,75,83,113],"cursive":[11,152],"Kanji":[12,153],"and":[13,44,78,155],"Hiragana":[14,161],"characters.":[15],"In":[16],"order":[17],"to":[18,103,131,149,158],"tackle":[19],"this":[20,64],"problem,":[21],"we":[22],"have":[23],"proposed":[24],"the":[25,61,68,73,81,84,92,100,104,133,142],"HMM":[27],"approach":[28,65],"where":[29,80],"a":[30,39,50,87],"modeling":[31,95],"unit":[32],"\"substroke\"":[33],"that":[34,67,91,141],"is":[35,42,47,66,107,129],"much":[36],"smaller":[37],"than":[38],"whole":[40],"character":[41,46],"employed":[43,130],"each":[45],"modeled":[48],"as":[49],"concatenation":[51],"only":[53],"25":[54],"kinds":[55],"HMMs.":[58,137],"One":[59],"drawbacks":[62],"accuracy":[70],"deteriorates":[71],"in":[72],"case":[74],"scribbled":[76],"characters,":[77,116],"characters":[79],"shape":[82],"substrokes":[85,106],"varies":[86],"lot.":[88],"We":[89],"show":[90,140],"which":[96,122],"depends":[97],"on":[98],"how":[99],"connects":[102],"adjacent":[105],"effective":[108],"for":[109,126,151,160],"achieving":[110],"robust":[111],"low":[114],"quality":[115],"The":[117],"successive":[118],"state":[119],"splitting":[120],"algorithm":[121],"was":[123],"mainly":[124],"developed":[125],"speech":[127],"construct":[132],"context":[134],"dependent":[135],"Experimental":[138],"results":[139],"correct":[143],"rate":[145],"improved":[146],"from":[147,156],"88%":[148],"92%":[150],"handwriting":[154],"90%":[157],"98%":[159],"handwriting.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-02T08:37:19.008085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}