{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396821355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc61514.2024.10592426","title":"Pilot Contamination in Massive MIMO Systems: Challenges and Future Prospects","display_name":"Pilot Contamination in Massive MIMO Systems: Challenges and Future Prospects","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396821355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc61514.2024.10592426"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwcmc61514.2024.10592426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc61514.2024.10592426","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.19238","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101351959","display_name":"Muhammad Kamran Saeed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Kamran Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060316178","display_name":"Ashfaq Khokhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6504-8502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashfaq Khokhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053387437","display_name":"Shakil Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2785-9897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shakil Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101351959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4107,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.590484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1504","last_page":"1509"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11851","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Measurements","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9018999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contamination","display_name":"Contamination","score":0.7836531400680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4836910367012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4397309124469757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.400986909866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemical-engineering","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","score":0.34031349420547485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3239285349845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2460307478904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20977827906608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.17280548810958862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13136398792266846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.7836531400680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4836910367012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4397309124469757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.400986909866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34031349420547485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3239285349845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2460307478904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20977827906608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17280548810958862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13136398792266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwcmc61514.2024.10592426","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc61514.2024.10592426","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.19238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.19238","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.19238","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2404.19238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2404.19238","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.19238","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311090","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396821355.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396821355.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952529691","https://openalex.org/W1986586714","https://openalex.org/W2343491855","https://openalex.org/W2773535054","https://openalex.org/W2921187277","https://openalex.org/W2979317621","https://openalex.org/W2981935522","https://openalex.org/W2997109520","https://openalex.org/W3009779447","https://openalex.org/W3023140927","https://openalex.org/W3035475152","https://openalex.org/W3112485184","https://openalex.org/W3157785677","https://openalex.org/W3169862588","https://openalex.org/W3175817737","https://openalex.org/W3191797435","https://openalex.org/W4226227183","https://openalex.org/W4312391321","https://openalex.org/W4318586278","https://openalex.org/W4392175324","https://openalex.org/W6864865648"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246525302","https://openalex.org/W2355749553","https://openalex.org/W2327028314","https://openalex.org/W2070278412","https://openalex.org/W281735054","https://openalex.org/W2565462584","https://openalex.org/W4249711192","https://openalex.org/W1502203608","https://openalex.org/W2056851638","https://openalex.org/W2803097933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"multiple":[1,3],"input":[2],"output":[4],"(M-MIMO)":[5],"technology":[6],"plays":[7],"a":[8,19],"pivotal":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,79,97,134],"fifth-generation":[12],"(5G)":[13],"and":[14,33,67,93,101,120,132],"beyond":[15],"communication":[16],"systems,":[17],"offering":[18],"wide":[20],"range":[21],"of":[22,63],"benefits,":[23],"from":[24],"increased":[25],"spectral":[26],"efficiency":[27,32],"(SE)":[28],"to":[29,59],"enhanced":[30],"energy":[31],"higher":[34],"reliability.":[35],"However,":[36],"these":[37],"advantages":[38],"are":[39,130,142],"contingent":[40],"upon":[41],"precise":[42,54],"channel":[43,103,122],"state":[44],"information":[45],"(CSI)":[46],"availability":[47],"at":[48],"the":[49,60,64,68,106],"base":[50],"station":[51],"(BS).":[52],"Ensuring":[53],"CSI":[55],"is":[56],"challenging":[57],"due":[58],"constrained":[61],"size":[62],"coherence":[65],"interval":[66],"resulting":[69],"limitations":[70],"on":[71],"pilot":[72,77,83,99,113,127],"sequence":[73],"length.":[74],"Therefore,":[75],"reusing":[76],"sequences":[78],"adjacent":[80],"cells":[81],"introduces":[82],"contamination,":[84],"hindering":[85],"SE":[86],"enhancement.":[87],"This":[88],"paper":[89],"reviews":[90],"recent":[91],"advancements":[92],"addresses":[94],"research":[95,108,140],"challenges":[96],"mitigating":[98],"contamination":[100],"improving":[102],"estimation,":[104],"categorizing":[105],"existing":[107],"into":[109],"three":[110],"broader":[111],"categories:":[112],"assignment":[114],"schemes,":[115],"advanced":[116,121],"signal":[117],"processing":[118],"methods,":[119],"estimation":[123],"techniques.":[124],"Salient":[125],"representative":[126],"mitigation/assignment":[128],"techniques":[129],"analyzed":[131],"compared":[133],"each":[135],"category.":[136],"Lastly,":[137],"possible":[138],"future":[139],"directions":[141],"discussed.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}