{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385187288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182560","title":"Power Penalty Analysis of IM-DD Free Space Optical Communication Channel in the Presence of Turbulence","display_name":"Power Penalty Analysis of IM-DD Free Space Optical Communication Channel in the Presence of Turbulence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385187288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182560"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182560","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182560","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089464155","display_name":"Lamiae Bouanane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47844","display_name":"Al Akhawayn University","ror":"https://ror.org/03erkev52","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lamiae Bouanane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al Akhawayn University,School of Science and Engineering,Ifrane,Morocco","School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al Akhawayn University,School of Science and Engineering,Ifrane,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048375629","display_name":"Mohamed Fouad Abbou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47844","display_name":"Al Akhawayn University","ror":"https://ror.org/03erkev52","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Fouad Abbou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al Akhawayn University,School of Science and Engineering,Ifrane,Morocco","School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al Akhawayn University,School of Science and Engineering,Ifrane,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003337398","display_name":"Farid Abdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9464-6002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132968","display_name":"Agence pour le D\u00e9veloppement et la R\u00e9habilitation de la Ville de F\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/043jwkg64","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farid Abdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultè de Science et Technologie,Laboratoire Systèmes, Signaux et Composants,Fes,Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultè de Science et Technologie,Laboratoire Systèmes, Signaux et Composants,Fes,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075146689","display_name":"Kevin M. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6736-4779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47844","display_name":"Al Akhawayn University","ror":"https://ror.org/03erkev52","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al Akhawayn University,School of Science and Engineering,Ifrane,Morocco","School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al Akhawayn University,School of Science and Engineering,Ifrane,Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47844"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101226518","display_name":"Abdelouahed Abid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151290","display_name":"Islamic University of Madinah","ror":"https://ror.org/03rcp1y74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelouahed Abid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamic University of Medina Saudi Arabia,Information Technology,Medina,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","Information Technology, Islamic University of Medina Saudi Arabia, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic University of Medina Saudi Arabia,Information Technology,Medina,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology, Islamic University of Medina Saudi Arabia, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151290"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089464155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47844"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1339,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42681774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"214","issue":null,"first_page":"1424","last_page":"1429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.7028751373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.6944629549980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.6147748231887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5883780717849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.5822720527648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.50301593542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.47606438398361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.47340258955955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.47304123640060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.4605078101158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weibull-distribution","display_name":"Weibull distribution","score":0.4411658048629761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4295055568218231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.4255830943584442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.419400155544281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2445484697818756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2325490415096283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19009345769882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.17742764949798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.14664429426193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10320046544075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.07311508059501648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.7028751373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.6944629549980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6147748231887817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5883780717849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.5822720527648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.50301593542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47606438398361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.47340258955955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.47304123640060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.4605078101158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173291955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732332","display_name":"Weibull distribution","level":2,"score":0.4411658048629761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4295055568218231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.4255830943584442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.419400155544281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2445484697818756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2325490415096283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19009345769882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.17742764949798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.14664429426193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10320046544075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.07311508059501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182560","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc58020.2023.10182560","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87557469","https://openalex.org/W571270299","https://openalex.org/W1633334287","https://openalex.org/W1965064088","https://openalex.org/W2002226829","https://openalex.org/W2002517125","https://openalex.org/W2010008781","https://openalex.org/W2023904466","https://openalex.org/W2062358497","https://openalex.org/W2065035172","https://openalex.org/W2086195620","https://openalex.org/W2127981105","https://openalex.org/W2137397944","https://openalex.org/W2138970015","https://openalex.org/W2164450645","https://openalex.org/W2603327399","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2947791612","https://openalex.org/W2995803492","https://openalex.org/W6680464445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282556388","https://openalex.org/W2794431023","https://openalex.org/W1988526227","https://openalex.org/W2161504364","https://openalex.org/W1976230005","https://openalex.org/W1977345264","https://openalex.org/W2522150621","https://openalex.org/W2050949024","https://openalex.org/W2155866289","https://openalex.org/W2784442939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"power":[3,63,96,148],"penalty":[4,97,149],"analysis":[5],"is":[6,33,42,51,67,118,132],"carried":[7],"out":[8],"to":[9,55,125,134],"investigate":[10],"the":[11,20,36,45,56,70,83,90,95,129,141,145,154],"effect":[12,29,71],"of":[13,30,47,72,92,101,107,115],"free":[14],"space":[15],"optical":[16],"channel":[17],"turbulence":[18,32,57,73],"on":[19],"Intensity":[21],"Modulation-Direct":[22],"Detection":[23],"(IM-DD)":[24],"FSO":[25,49],"communication":[26],"system.":[27],"The":[28],"atmospheric":[31],"modeled":[34],"using":[35,111],"Exponentiated":[37],"Weibull":[38],"(EW)":[39],"distribution.":[40],"It":[41],"found":[43],"that":[44,69],"performance":[46],"IM-DD":[48],"system":[50],"highly":[52],"degraded":[53],"due":[54],"impact":[58],"and":[59,103,110,153],"suffers":[60],"from":[61],"significant":[62],"penalties.":[64],"Further,":[65,137],"it":[66],"noticed":[68],"induced":[74],"intensity":[75],"distortion":[76],"can":[77],"be":[78,123],"significantly":[79],"reduced":[80,124],"by":[81],"increasing":[82],"average":[84],"aperture":[85,113,130],"diameter.":[86],"For":[87],"example,":[88],"in":[89],"presence":[91],"strong":[93],"turbulence,":[94],"at":[98],"a":[99,104],"BER":[100],"10-9":[102],"link":[105,142],"distance":[106,143],"3":[108],"km":[109],"an":[112],"diameter":[114,131],"15":[116],"cm":[117],"15.19":[119],"dB.":[120],"This":[121],"could":[122],"8.74":[126],"dB":[127],"when":[128],"increased":[133],"25":[135],"cm.":[136],"as":[138,140],"expected,":[139],"increases,":[144],"contour":[146],"plot":[147],"curves":[150],"increase":[151],"significantly,":[152],"gap":[155],"between":[156],"consecutive":[157],"contours":[158],"becomes":[159],"remarkably":[160],"larger.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}