{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1664717073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc.2015.7289065","title":"Detecting covert timing channels using non-parametric statistical approaches","display_name":"Detecting covert timing channels using non-parametric statistical approaches","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1664717073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc.2015.7289065","mag":"1664717073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwcmc.2015.7289065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc.2015.7289065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103569147","display_name":"Fahimeh Rezaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-3517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahimeh Rezaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041294451","display_name":"Michael Hempel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-8349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hempel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015195263","display_name":"Pradhumna Lal Shrestha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6611-4751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradhumna Lal Shrestha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000366826","display_name":"Sushanta Mohan Rakshit","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushanta Mohan Rakshit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032208035","display_name":"Hamid Sharif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6229-2043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Sharif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1158,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92551696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"102","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8261120319366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.7676185965538025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7611583471298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6059632301330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5492467880249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5265560150146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.4832964241504669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4450737237930298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.444776713848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38305380940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33264970779418945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8261120319366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.7676185965538025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7611583471298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6059632301330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5492467880249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5265560150146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4832964241504669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4450737237930298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.444776713848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38305380940437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33264970779418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwcmc.2015.7289065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc.2015.7289065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1471507","https://openalex.org/W9827866","https://openalex.org/W103650626","https://openalex.org/W1515726562","https://openalex.org/W1588277031","https://openalex.org/W1987571125","https://openalex.org/W1997704547","https://openalex.org/W2039953070","https://openalex.org/W2060949882","https://openalex.org/W2068925185","https://openalex.org/W2074155084","https://openalex.org/W2077825578","https://openalex.org/W2118918599","https://openalex.org/W2127264212","https://openalex.org/W2132177566","https://openalex.org/W2138055875","https://openalex.org/W2150092124","https://openalex.org/W2150137209","https://openalex.org/W2151185692","https://openalex.org/W2157895134","https://openalex.org/W2312704740","https://openalex.org/W6600407745"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W4239080508","https://openalex.org/W2326198059","https://openalex.org/W4319780484","https://openalex.org/W4386088729","https://openalex.org/W4376311794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extensive":[0],"availability":[1],"and":[2,7,16,23,56,93,98,114,120,133],"development":[3],"of":[4,28,48,80],"Internet":[5,17],"applications":[6],"services":[8],"open":[9],"up":[10],"the":[11,29,46,108,118],"opportunity":[12],"for":[13,34],"abusing":[14],"network":[15],"resources":[18],"to":[19,52,59,76,142],"distribute":[20],"malicious":[21],"data":[22,55],"leak":[24],"sensitive":[25],"information.":[26],"One":[27],"prevalent":[30],"information-hiding":[31],"approaches":[32],"suitable":[33],"such":[35],"activities":[36,83],"is":[37,138],"known":[38],"as":[39],"Covert":[40],"Timing":[41],"Channel":[42],"(CTC),":[43],"which":[44],"utilizes":[45],"modulation":[47],"Inter-Packet":[49],"Delays":[50],"(IPDs)":[51],"embed":[53],"secret":[54],"transfers":[57],"that":[58,72,107],"designated":[60],"receivers.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63,78],"paper,":[64],"we":[65],"propose":[66],"two":[67],"different":[68,97],"non-parametric":[69],"statistical":[70],"tests":[71],"can":[73,112],"be":[74],"employed":[75],"detect":[77],"type":[79],"covert":[81,119],"communication":[82],"over":[84],"a":[85,139],"network.":[86],"The":[87,103],"new":[88],"detection":[89,110],"metrics":[90,111],"are":[91],"evaluated":[92],"verified":[94],"against":[95],"four":[96],"highly":[99],"recognized":[100],"CTC":[101,135],"algorithms.":[102],"experimental":[104],"results":[105],"show":[106],"proposed":[109],"reliably":[113],"effectively":[115],"distinguish":[116],"between":[117],"overt":[121],"traffic":[122],"flows,":[123],"thus":[124],"significantly":[125],"supporting":[126],"our":[127],"research":[128],"toward":[129],"an":[130],"accurate":[131],"blind":[132],"comprehensive":[134],"detection.":[136],"This":[137],"capability":[140],"vital":[141],"cyber":[143],"security":[144],"in":[145],"today's":[146],"information":[147],"society.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
