{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382053215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf57495.2023.10157211","title":"Exposing Deepfake Frames through Spectral Analysis of Color Channels in Frequency Domain","display_name":"Exposing Deepfake Frames through Spectral Analysis of Color Channels in Frequency Domain","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382053215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf57495.2023.10157211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwbf57495.2023.10157211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf57495.2023.10157211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 11th International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082941875","display_name":"Muhammad Ahmad Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0535-6076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ahmad Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","Université de Bourgogne,Le Creusot,France","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Université de Bourgogne,Le Creusot,France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102772000","display_name":"Yongjian Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7775-3786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjian Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025383512","display_name":"Huimin She","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1351-959X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huimin She","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653936","display_name":"Jicheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5000-1069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jicheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084397928","display_name":"Yu Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7833-9755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Warwick,Department of Computer Science,Coventry,UK","Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Warwick,Department of Computer Science,Coventry,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109351499","display_name":"Muhammad Zain Amin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zain Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","Université de Bourgogne,Le Creusot,France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South China University of Technology,School of Electronic and Information Engineering,Guangzhou,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Université de Bourgogne,Le Creusot,France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8248437643051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6100946068763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misrepresentation","display_name":"Misrepresentation","score":0.5453365445137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5181832909584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.46834442019462585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.46107152104377747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.456494003534317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44660526514053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.41458404064178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.16262468695640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1280961036682129}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8248437643051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6100946068763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30067981","display_name":"Misrepresentation","level":2,"score":0.5453365445137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5181832909584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.46834442019462585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.46107152104377747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.456494003534317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44660526514053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.41458404064178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.16262468695640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1280961036682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwbf57495.2023.10157211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf57495.2023.10157211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 11th International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:177178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/177178/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2785678896","https://openalex.org/W2888338418","https://openalex.org/W2904573504","https://openalex.org/W2962958939","https://openalex.org/W2963373786","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2985484909","https://openalex.org/W3003301247","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3034900344","https://openalex.org/W3176241004","https://openalex.org/W4226324275","https://openalex.org/W4287646873","https://openalex.org/W4287758545","https://openalex.org/W4294643831","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6740959558","https://openalex.org/W6745560452","https://openalex.org/W6748582592","https://openalex.org/W6757599822","https://openalex.org/W6769571810","https://openalex.org/W6779669310","https://openalex.org/W6784266940","https://openalex.org/W6784810453","https://openalex.org/W6802431797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250983512","https://openalex.org/W2504717200","https://openalex.org/W4307000249","https://openalex.org/W2041564671","https://openalex.org/W4244018394","https://openalex.org/W2463614041","https://openalex.org/W4306382193","https://openalex.org/W1966274161","https://openalex.org/W2370180352","https://openalex.org/W4294306978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Highly":[0],"realistic":[1],"deepfakes":[2],"are":[3,30],"generated":[4],"by":[5,65,157],"employing":[6,66],"generative":[7],"neural":[8],"networks,":[9],"even":[10],"to":[11,20,97,112],"the":[12,25,33,89,107,129,137,152,167],"point":[13],"that":[14],"it":[15],"is":[16,47],"difficult":[17],"for":[18],"humans":[19],"tell":[21],"them":[22],"apart":[23],"from":[24,77,136],"real":[26,159],"ones.":[27],"Nowadays":[28],"they":[29],"one":[31],"of":[32,35,44,68,139,154,169],"causes":[34],"misrepresentation":[36],"or":[37,64],"misinformation":[38],"regarding":[39],"different":[40,55,144],"subjects.":[41],"The":[42],"detection":[43,132],"deepfake":[45,90,117,131,145,161],"content":[46,118,162],"very":[48],"important.":[49],"It":[50],"can":[51],"be":[52],"analyzed":[53],"in":[54],"domains,":[56],"such":[57],"as":[58],"spatial":[59],"domain":[60],"and":[61,81,92,101,116,122,147,160],"frequency":[62,85,108],"domain,":[63],"combinations":[67],"them.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"work,":[72],"we":[73,127],"first":[74],"took":[75],"inspiration":[76],"traditional":[78],"image":[79],"forensics":[80],"performed":[82],"a":[83],"comprehensive":[84],"spectrum":[86,109],"analysis":[87,150],"on":[88],"frames":[91],"their":[93],"context":[94],"color":[95],"channels":[96],"detect":[98],"spectral":[99],"anomalies":[100],"statistical":[102,110,141,155],"features.":[103],"We":[104],"then":[105],"use":[106],"features":[111,142,156],"distinguish":[113],"between":[114],"pristine":[115],"using":[119],"both":[120],"unsupervised":[121],"supervised":[123],"learning":[124],"approaches.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"scrutinize":[128],"trained":[130],"models\u2019":[133],"generalization":[134],"capability":[135],"perspective":[138],"suggested":[140],"across":[143],"datasets":[146],"methods.":[148,172],"Our":[149],"demonstrated":[151],"effectiveness":[153],"identifying":[158],"with":[163],"high":[164],"accuracy,":[165],"surpassing":[166],"performance":[168],"several":[170],"state-of-the-art":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}