{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282839958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf55382.2022.9794554","title":"Are average Faces Master Faces?","display_name":"Are average Faces Master Faces?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282839958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf55382.2022.9794554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwbf55382.2022.9794554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf55382.2022.9794554","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031730152","display_name":"Andre Dorsch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099379","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/016731f38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099379","https://openalex.org/I4210115238"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Dorsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Da/sec – Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Da/sec – Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983","https://openalex.org/I4210099379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087866084","display_name":"Christian Rathgeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1901-9468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099379","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/016731f38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099379","https://openalex.org/I4210115238"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Rathgeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Da/sec – Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Da/sec – Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983","https://openalex.org/I4210099379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078717363","display_name":"Mathias Ibsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7531-806X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099379","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/016731f38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099379","https://openalex.org/I4210115238"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Ibsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Da/sec – Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Da/sec – Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983","https://openalex.org/I4210099379"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017716310","display_name":"Christoph Busch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-2923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099379","display_name":"Zimmer Biomet (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/016731f38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099379","https://openalex.org/I4210115238"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Busch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Da/sec – Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Da/sec – Biometrics and Internet Security Research Group,Hochschule Darmstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983","https://openalex.org/I4210099379"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2031,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46461443,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.8889508247375488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.700527012348175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6664974093437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.563097357749939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.535049557685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5249695181846619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5195367932319641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.46725699305534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.45258861780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4292641878128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3755946457386017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36290568113327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.35639089345932007}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.8889508247375488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.700527012348175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6664974093437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.563097357749939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.535049557685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5249695181846619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5195367932319641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46725699305534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45258861780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4292641878128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3755946457386017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36290568113327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.35639089345932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwbf55382.2022.9794554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf55382.2022.9794554","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533303231","https://openalex.org/W1983197836","https://openalex.org/W2010986468","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2041942569","https://openalex.org/W2070253417","https://openalex.org/W2115252128","https://openalex.org/W2133670146","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2476243349","https://openalex.org/W2784025535","https://openalex.org/W2897177022","https://openalex.org/W2913239513","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2971058209","https://openalex.org/W3034051063","https://openalex.org/W3083589295","https://openalex.org/W3119277739","https://openalex.org/W3120485916","https://openalex.org/W3154227470","https://openalex.org/W3188298914","https://openalex.org/W6631923913","https://openalex.org/W6677618333","https://openalex.org/W6721025155","https://openalex.org/W6755311494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1679315481","https://openalex.org/W3151495635","https://openalex.org/W4385170164","https://openalex.org/W4236870338","https://openalex.org/W2016917053","https://openalex.org/W1580681114","https://openalex.org/W51472912","https://openalex.org/W4362722828","https://openalex.org/W2127911712","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"So-called":[0],"master":[1,45],"faces":[2,4,40,52,69,96],"are":[3,70],"for":[5,53,88,103],"which":[6],"the":[7,112],"probability":[8],"of":[9,21,29,44,63],"achieving":[10],"a":[11,30,76,104],"false":[12,105],"match":[13],"when":[14],"being":[15],"compared":[16,71],"against":[17,72],"an":[18],"unknown":[19],"set":[20],"face":[22,57,65],"images":[23,62],"is":[24,59,110],"significantly":[25],"higher":[26,101],"than":[27],"that":[28,87],"random":[31],"impostor.":[32],"In":[33,47],"this":[34,109],"work,":[35],"we":[36],"investigate":[37],"whether":[38],"average":[39,51,68,95],"exhibit":[41],"said":[42],"property":[43],"faces.":[46],"order":[48],"to":[49,61,98],"generate":[50],"different":[54,73],"demographic":[55,82,90],"groups,":[56,91],"morphing":[58],"applied":[60],"public":[64],"databases.":[66],"Subsequently,":[67],"databases":[74],"in":[75],"biometric":[77],"identification":[78],"scenario":[79],"considering":[80],"various":[81],"groups.":[83],"Obtained":[84],"results":[85],"indicate":[86],"some":[89],"e.g.":[92],"Asian":[93],"females,":[94],"tend":[97],"yield":[99],"moderately":[100],"chances":[102],"match,":[106],"while":[107],"generally":[108],"not":[111],"case.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}