{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1510822398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf.2015.7110235","title":"Modest face recognition","display_name":"Modest face recognition","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1510822398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf.2015.7110235","mag":"1510822398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwbf.2015.7110235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf.2015.7110235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3rd International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF 2015)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038322250","display_name":"Vitomir \u0160truc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-5780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitomir Struc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071416849","display_name":"Janez Kri\u017eaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-2615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janez Krizaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079371773","display_name":"Simon Dobri\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9130-0345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Dobrisek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, SI","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, SI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86081578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7904322147369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7596614956855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7073792219161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6138194799423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5698152184486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.5575225353240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5421463251113892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.48728930950164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4780060350894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.44934141635894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4366462230682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.3226647973060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.21870815753936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12332293391227722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7904322147369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7596614956855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7073792219161987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6138194799423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5698152184486389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.5575225353240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5421463251113892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.48728930950164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4780060350894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.44934141635894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4366462230682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.3226647973060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.21870815753936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12332293391227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwbf.2015.7110235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwbf.2015.7110235","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3rd International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF 2015)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1461115072","https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1822699426","https://openalex.org/W1980732600","https://openalex.org/W2033747188","https://openalex.org/W2036509154","https://openalex.org/W2068815419","https://openalex.org/W2071266191","https://openalex.org/W2079315848","https://openalex.org/W2097729189","https://openalex.org/W2106121358","https://openalex.org/W2114588272","https://openalex.org/W2123027894","https://openalex.org/W2126237829","https://openalex.org/W2131081720","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2157558673","https://openalex.org/W2159786793","https://openalex.org/W2166469867","https://openalex.org/W2901716104","https://openalex.org/W4293768955","https://openalex.org/W6628466913","https://openalex.org/W6638564733","https://openalex.org/W6676022301","https://openalex.org/W6679755939","https://openalex.org/W6682865783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2581696209","https://openalex.org/W2020430625","https://openalex.org/W2044065526","https://openalex.org/W2058306460","https://openalex.org/W2955952267","https://openalex.org/W2083564146","https://openalex.org/W2076436625","https://openalex.org/W1995039490","https://openalex.org/W2148428954","https://openalex.org/W2049095871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,26],"facial":[1],"imagery":[2],"usually":[3],"at":[4,143],"the":[5,18,41,94,101,117,131,139,144,161,184,192,197,204,214,220],"disposal":[6],"for":[7,60,100,128,153,169],"forensics":[8],"investigations":[9],"is":[10,109],"commonly":[11],"of":[12,35,104,116,130,177,199,222],"a":[13,36,57,97,124,149,166],"poor":[14],"quality":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,51,147,182],"unconstrained":[19],"settings":[20],"in":[21,160],"which":[22,39,218],"it":[23,190],"was":[24],"acquired.":[25],"captured":[27],"faces":[28],"are":[29],"typically":[30],"non-frontal,":[31],"partially":[32],"occluded":[33],"and":[34,77,85,106,136,187,206,209],"low":[37],"resolution,":[38],"makes":[40],"recognition":[42,62,171,185,216],"task":[43],"extremely":[44],"difficult.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47,53],"paper":[48],"we":[49,164],"try":[50],"address":[52],"problem":[54],"by":[55,111],"presenting":[56],"novel":[58,167],"framework":[59,96,168,202],"face":[61,170],"that":[63,172],"combines":[64],"diverse":[65],"features":[66,76],"sets":[67,120],"(Gabor":[68],"features,":[69],"local":[70,73],"binary":[71],"patterns,":[72],"phase":[74],"quantization":[75],"pixel":[78],"intensities),":[79],"probabilistic":[80,175],"linear":[81,90],"discriminant":[82],"analysis":[83],"(PLDA)":[84],"data":[86],"fusion":[87],"based":[88],"on":[89,114,174,203],"logistic":[91],"regression.":[92],"With":[93],"proposed":[95],"matching":[98,126,141,151],"score":[99,127,145,152],"given":[102],"pair":[103],"probe":[105],"target":[107],"images":[108],"produced":[110],"applying":[112],"PLDA":[113],"each":[115,129],"four":[118],"feature":[119,133],"independently":[121],"-":[122,135],"producing":[123],"(partial)":[125],"PLDA-based":[132],"vectors":[134],"then":[137],"combining":[138],"partial":[140],"results":[142,212],"level":[146],"generate":[148],"single":[150],"recognition.":[154],"We":[155,195],"make":[156],"two":[157],"main":[158],"contributions":[159],"paper:":[162],"i)":[163],"introduce":[165],"relies":[173],"MOdels":[176],"Diverse":[178],"fEature":[179],"SeTs":[180],"(MODEST)":[181],"facilitate":[183],"process":[186],"ii)":[188],"benchmark":[189],"against":[191],"existing":[193],"state-of-the-art.":[194],"demonstrate":[196,219],"feasibility":[198],"our":[200,223],"MODEST":[201],"FRGCv2":[205],"PaSC":[207],"databases":[208],"present":[210],"comparative":[211],"with":[213],"state-of-the-art":[215],"techniques,":[217],"efficacy":[221],"framework.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}