{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966878851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwasi.2019.8791296","title":"From Open-Loop to Closed-Loop Single-VCO-Based Sensor-to-Digital Converter Architectures: theoretical analysis and comparison","display_name":"From Open-Loop to Closed-Loop Single-VCO-Based Sensor-to-Digital Converter Architectures: theoretical analysis and comparison","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966878851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwasi.2019.8791296","mag":"2966878851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwasi.2019.8791296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwasi.2019.8791296","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 8th International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045786981","display_name":"Elisa Sacco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0775-5815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Sacco","raw_affiliation_strings":["MICAS-ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICAS-ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048565618","display_name":"Johan Vergauwen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094794","display_name":"Melexis (Belgium)","ror":"https://ror.org/00vwbk234","country_code":"BE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094794"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan Vergauwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Melexis Technologies, Melexis, Tessenderlo, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Melexis Technologies, Melexis, Tessenderlo, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094794"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029270525","display_name":"Georges Gielen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-9428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georges Gielen","raw_affiliation_strings":["MICAS-ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICAS-ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045786981"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3912,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58888836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"29","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.7725929617881775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.6905668377876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6272223591804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5607462525367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.514306902885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5040994882583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-loop-controller","display_name":"Open-loop controller","score":0.4521418511867523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.45025503635406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.4435926675796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.440256804227829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback-loop","display_name":"Feedback loop","score":0.41760265827178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.4010888338088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-loop","display_name":"Closed loop","score":0.2869113087654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2566189169883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2334502935409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17924892902374268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.10657048225402832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.7725929617881775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6905668377876282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6272223591804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5607462525367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.514306902885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5040994882583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161362739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2301555","display_name":"Open-loop controller","level":3,"score":0.4521418511867523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.45025503635406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.4435926675796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.440256804227829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186886427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441213","display_name":"Feedback loop","level":2,"score":0.41760265827178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.4010888338088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019251811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135346","display_name":"Closed loop","level":2,"score":0.2869113087654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2566189169883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2334502935409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17924892902374268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.10657048225402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iwasi.2019.8791296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwasi.2019.8791296","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 8th International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1864703715","https://openalex.org/W2043633993","https://openalex.org/W2059987499","https://openalex.org/W2082211203","https://openalex.org/W2104527935","https://openalex.org/W2110245858","https://openalex.org/W2123377037","https://openalex.org/W2147539712","https://openalex.org/W2172236250","https://openalex.org/W2319628269","https://openalex.org/W2503697085","https://openalex.org/W2593783623","https://openalex.org/W2789740360","https://openalex.org/W2791062839","https://openalex.org/W2894322796","https://openalex.org/W2898964868","https://openalex.org/W2900250180","https://openalex.org/W6756129704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2976219355","https://openalex.org/W3129408886","https://openalex.org/W4233090067","https://openalex.org/W2365946217","https://openalex.org/W1964543336","https://openalex.org/W2368638770","https://openalex.org/W2365449259","https://openalex.org/W2089131288","https://openalex.org/W2057338677","https://openalex.org/W1600405202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sensor":[0],"interface":[1,40,61],"circuits":[2],"are":[3,50,55,84],"traditionally":[4],"based":[5,63],"on":[6,64,76],"analog":[7],"approaches.":[8],"Recently,":[9],"time-based":[10],"architectures":[11],"have":[12],"become":[13],"more":[14],"popular":[15],"thanks":[16],"to":[17,57,122],"their":[18],"highly-digital":[19],"scalable":[20],"implementation.":[21],"However,":[22],"the":[23,28,59,65,71,79,82,88,91,95,105,109,115,123,134],"poor":[24],"VCO":[25],"linearity":[26,132],"limits":[27],"achievable":[29],"overall":[30],"linearity.":[31,48],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"presents":[34],"a":[35,130,140],"novel":[36],"single-":[37],"VCO-based":[38],"sensor":[39,60],"architecture":[41,102],"in":[42],"closed-loop":[43,92],"configuration,":[44,93],"thus":[45],"ensuring":[46,129],"higher":[47],"Models":[49],"proposed":[51],"and":[52,67,81,90,94,139,143],"analytic":[53],"expressions":[54],"derived":[56,85],"estimate":[58],"resolution":[62,107],"characteristics":[66],"noise":[68,118],"performance":[69],"of":[70,126,136],"single":[72],"building":[73],"blocks.":[74],"Based":[75],"frequency-domain":[77],"models,":[78],"STF":[80],"NTF":[83],"for":[86],"both":[87],"open-loop":[89],"SNR":[96],"is":[97,119],"calculated.":[98],"The":[99],"closed-":[100],"loop":[101,111],"can":[103],"achieve":[104],"same":[106],"as":[108],"open-":[110],"one,":[112],"provided":[113],"that":[114],"feedback":[116],"circuit":[117],"negligible":[120],"compared":[121],"other":[124],"sources":[125],"noise,":[127],"while":[128],"better":[131],"at":[133],"expense":[135],"lower":[137],"speed":[138],"small":[141],"area":[142],"power":[144],"overhead.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
