{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1533525876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2015.7225798","title":"k-Stacks: High-density valet parking for automated vehicles","display_name":"k-Stacks: High-density valet parking for automated vehicles","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1533525876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2015.7225798","mag":"1533525876"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ivs.2015.7225798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2015.7225798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026001526","display_name":"Julian Timpner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Timpner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006631025","display_name":"Stephan Friedrichs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Friedrichs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","Max Planck Institute for informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040880979","display_name":"Johannes van Balen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes van Balen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070428847","display_name":"Lars Wolf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-7765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94509681","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig","ror":"https://ror.org/010nsgg66","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Wolf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2855,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89723647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"895","last_page":"900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downtown","display_name":"Downtown","score":0.8152979612350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shunting","display_name":"Shunting","score":0.7634660005569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-space","display_name":"Parking space","score":0.7339964509010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-guidance-and-information","display_name":"Parking guidance and information","score":0.7313185930252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6061173677444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-lot","display_name":"Parking lot","score":0.582024335861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5362275242805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4147365689277649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.38978856801986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3695710301399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34729278087615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32234326004981995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2608455419540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.13053667545318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1106204092502594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776556313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050303","display_name":"Downtown","level":2,"score":0.8152979612350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197328160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7505161","display_name":"Shunting","level":2,"score":0.7634660005569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994392017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433633","display_name":"Parking space","level":2,"score":0.7339964509010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14353550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386125","display_name":"Parking guidance and information","level":2,"score":0.7313185930252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6061173677444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777427512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501349","display_name":"Parking lot","level":2,"score":0.582024335861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5362275242805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4147365689277649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.38978856801986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3695710301399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34729278087615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32234326004981995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2608455419540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.13053667545318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1106204092502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ivs.2015.7225798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2015.7225798","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_2240965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0029-4A46-F","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IV2015","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965086692","https://openalex.org/W1970124443","https://openalex.org/W1986864914","https://openalex.org/W2054348522","https://openalex.org/W2060195168","https://openalex.org/W2071438510","https://openalex.org/W2078545795","https://openalex.org/W2108481362","https://openalex.org/W2111901564","https://openalex.org/W2127866507","https://openalex.org/W2134563322","https://openalex.org/W2533977988","https://openalex.org/W2938511343","https://openalex.org/W6761127834"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582061741","https://openalex.org/W3109818280","https://openalex.org/W2997176519","https://openalex.org/W3096807189","https://openalex.org/W2609368241","https://openalex.org/W1989661714","https://openalex.org/W2387893587","https://openalex.org/W3111829057","https://openalex.org/W4389196248","https://openalex.org/W4221094453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"valet":[1,35],"parking":[2,22,30,36,44,99,130,136],"not":[3],"only":[4],"improves":[5],"driving":[6],"comfort,":[7],"but":[8],"can":[9],"have":[10],"a":[11,97,127],"considerable":[12],"impact":[13],"on":[14,93],"the":[15,20,26,43,51,59,69,78],"urban":[16],"landscape":[17],"by":[18],"reducing":[19],"required":[21],"space.":[23],"We":[24,76,101],"present":[25],"first":[27],"study":[28],"of":[29,42,61,81,89,108,120],"space":[31],"optimization":[32],"for":[33],"automated":[34],"with":[37,114],"an":[38],"in-depth":[39],"theoretical":[40,79],"analysis":[41],"lot":[45],"properties":[46,80],"under":[47],"various":[48],"aspects,":[49],"inluding":[50],"worst-case":[52],"extraction":[53],"time,":[54,124],"total":[55],"shunting":[56,62,121],"distance,":[57],"and":[58,123],"number":[60],"operations":[63],"(each":[64],"per":[65],"car).":[66],"Most":[67],"importantly,":[68],"proposed":[70],"model":[71,83],"bounds":[72],"all":[73],"these":[74],"values.":[75],"verify":[77],"our":[82],"in":[84,118],"four":[85],"simulated":[86],"scenarios,":[87],"one":[88],"which":[90],"is":[91],"based":[92],"real-world":[94],"data":[95],"from":[96],"downtown":[98],"garage.":[100],"show":[102],"that":[103],"very":[104,115],"good":[105],"pick-up":[106],"times":[107],"about":[109],"1":[110],"min":[111],"are":[112],"possible":[113],"little":[116],"overhead":[117],"terms":[119],"distance":[122],"while":[125],"providing":[126],"significantly":[128],"improved":[129],"density":[131],"as":[132],"compared":[133],"to":[134],"conventional":[135],"lots.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
