{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149344111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856486","title":"Traffic lights detection and state estimation using Hidden Markov Models","display_name":"Traffic lights detection and state estimation using Hidden Markov Models","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149344111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856486","mag":"2149344111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ivs.2014.6856486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856486","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108821802","display_name":"Andr\u00e9s E. G\u00f3mez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andres E. Gomez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090796676","display_name":"Francisco A.R. Alencar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco A. R. Alencar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004323074","display_name":"Paulo Victor de Souza Prado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7158-1199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo V. Prado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030595758","display_name":"Fernando Santos Os\u00f3rio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6620-2794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando S. Osorio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047424364","display_name":"Denis F. Wolf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-5686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis F. Wolf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, BR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98909513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"750","last_page":"755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.701318621635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.6905230283737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.6709393262863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.614695131778717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5872664451599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.5566177368164062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5525786280632019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.5501344203948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.45899349451065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.43392547965049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.41669559478759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image-processing","display_name":"Digital image processing","score":0.415549099445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3966817557811737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.33363890647888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20761528611183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11222195625305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09849652647972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.09702038764953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08011597394943237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.701318621635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6905230283737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.6709393262863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.614695131778717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5872664451599121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.5566177368164062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5525786280632019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.5501344203948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45899349451065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.43392547965049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.41669559478759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Digital image processing","level":4,"score":0.415549099445343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3966817557811737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33363890647888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20761528611183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11222195625305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09849652647972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.09702038764953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08011597394943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ivs.2014.6856486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856486","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15277015","https://openalex.org/W1502922572","https://openalex.org/W1981562962","https://openalex.org/W1989557151","https://openalex.org/W1995215698","https://openalex.org/W2051007883","https://openalex.org/W2059050813","https://openalex.org/W2065429801","https://openalex.org/W2068509335","https://openalex.org/W2073075915","https://openalex.org/W2091654316","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2136704614","https://openalex.org/W2136891917","https://openalex.org/W2164202910","https://openalex.org/W2170841223","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4231779149","https://openalex.org/W6600609150","https://openalex.org/W6629804754","https://openalex.org/W6680096826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2097963413","https://openalex.org/W2294335174","https://openalex.org/W2025614924","https://openalex.org/W3145575561","https://openalex.org/W2001275470","https://openalex.org/W2073996508","https://openalex.org/W1591475660","https://openalex.org/W2028487704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,210],"detection":[1,65,120,196],"of":[2,14,42,60,74,155,177,192,197,212,227,239],"a":[3,18,21,32,36,52,71,96,108,129,203,220,240,255],"traffic":[4,43,63,100,118,157,179,199,213,261],"light":[5,101,119,158,180,200,262],"on":[6,161,223],"the":[7,12,40,81,84,104,117,133,152,156,162,171,175,178,183,195,198,224,231,237,260],"road":[8],"is":[9,70,78,121],"important":[10,79],"for":[11,80,98,112],"safety":[13],"persons":[15],"who":[16],"occupy":[17],"vehicle,":[19,31],"in":[20,51,174,186,194,258],"normal":[22,30],"vehicles":[23],"or":[24],"an":[25,58,67,137],"autonomous":[26,68,85],"land":[27],"vehicle.":[28],"In":[29,234],"system":[33],"that":[34,83,131],"helps":[35,149],"driver":[37],"to":[38,46,150,169,248],"perceive":[39],"details":[41],"signals,":[44],"necessary":[45],"drive,":[47],"could":[48,246,253],"be":[49],"critical":[50],"delicate":[53],"driving":[54],"manoeuvre":[55],"(i.e":[56],"crossing":[57],"intersection":[59],"roads).":[61],"Furthermore,":[62],"lights":[64,214],"by":[66,142,165],"vehicle":[69,86],"special":[72],"case":[73],"perception,":[75],"because":[76],"it":[77],"control":[82],"must":[87],"take.":[88],"Multiples":[89],"authors":[90],"have":[91],"used":[92],"image":[93,105,134,166,208,216,244],"processing":[94,106,135,217,245],"as":[95],"base":[97],"achieving":[99],"detection.":[102],"However,":[103],"presents":[107],"problem":[109],"regarding":[110],"conditions":[111,226],"capturing":[113],"scenes,":[114],"and":[115,252],"therefore,":[116],"affected.":[122],"For":[123],"this":[124,126,187,235,250],"reason,":[125],"paper":[127],"proposes":[128],"method":[130,148,185],"links":[132],"with":[136],"estimation":[138],"state":[139,154],"routine":[140],"formed":[141],"Hidden":[143],"Markov":[144],"Models":[145],"(HMM).":[146],"This":[147],"determine":[151],"current":[153],"detected,":[159],"based":[160],"obtained":[163,190,205],"states":[164],"processing,":[167],"aiming":[168],"obtain":[170],"best":[172],"performance":[173],"determination":[176],"states.":[181],"With":[182],"proposed":[184],"paper,":[188],"we":[189],"90.55%":[191],"accuracy":[193],"state,":[201],"versus":[202],"78.54%":[204],"using":[206,215],"solely":[207],"processing.":[209],"recognition":[211],"still":[218],"has":[219],"large":[221],"dependence":[222],"capture":[225],"each":[228],"frame":[229],"from":[230],"video":[232],"camera.":[233],"context,":[236],"addition":[238],"pre-processing":[241],"stage":[242],"before":[243],"contribute":[247],"improve":[249],"aspect,":[251],"provide":[254],"better":[256],"results":[257],"determining":[259],"state.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-19T15:00:24.278416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}