{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117054446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856436","title":"Accuracy analysis of surface normal reconstruction in stereo vision","display_name":"Accuracy analysis of surface normal reconstruction in stereo vision","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117054446","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856436","mag":"2117054446"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ivs.2014.6856436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110292943","display_name":"Hannes Harms","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannes Harms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Baden-W\u00c3\u00bcrttemberg, DE","Insitute of Meas. & Control Syst., Karlsruhe Inst. of Technol. (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Baden-W\u00c3\u00bcrttemberg, DE","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insitute of Meas. & Control Syst., Karlsruhe Inst. of Technol. (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016654339","display_name":"Johannes Beck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3624-0535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Beck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Baden-W\u00c3\u00bcrttemberg, DE","Insitute of Meas. & Control Syst., Karlsruhe Inst. of Technol. (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Baden-W\u00c3\u00bcrttemberg, DE","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insitute of Meas. & Control Syst., Karlsruhe Inst. of Technol. (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020638741","display_name":"Julius Ziegler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29955533","display_name":"Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jh5a977","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I29955533"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julius Ziegler","raw_affiliation_strings":["FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Mobile Perception Systems, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","[Mobile Perception Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Mobile Perception Systems, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Mobile Perception Systems, FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29955533"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091574711","display_name":"Christoph Stiller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4165-2075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Stiller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Baden-W\u00c3\u00bcrttemberg, DE","Insitute of Meas. & Control Syst., Karlsruhe Inst. of Technol. (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie, Karlsruhe, Baden-W\u00c3\u00bcrttemberg, DE","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Insitute of Meas. & Control Syst., Karlsruhe Inst. of Technol. (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"730","last_page":"736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7415109872817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7132603526115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-reconstruction","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","score":0.6598068475723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6233341097831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5593490600585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal","display_name":"Normal","score":0.5415634512901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereopsis","display_name":"Stereopsis","score":0.5246474742889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.5130685567855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.5062381625175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.468037873506546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photometric-stereo","display_name":"Photometric stereo","score":0.4444884657859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.38500744104385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.23245081305503845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.16129443049430847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7415109872817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7132603526115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20885615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825595","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","level":3,"score":0.6598068475723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6233341097831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5593490600585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118732077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273176","display_name":"Normal","level":3,"score":0.5415634512901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68537008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247932","display_name":"Stereopsis","level":2,"score":0.5246474742889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5130685567855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5062381625175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.468037873506546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44365914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120636","display_name":"Photometric stereo","level":3,"score":0.4444884657859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38500744104385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.23245081305503845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.16129443049430847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ivs.2014.6856436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516984455","https://openalex.org/W1799725308","https://openalex.org/W1912649600","https://openalex.org/W1973825432","https://openalex.org/W2008073424","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2028310195","https://openalex.org/W2099606917","https://openalex.org/W2103031616","https://openalex.org/W2104175406","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2116600804","https://openalex.org/W2118631462","https://openalex.org/W2133476816","https://openalex.org/W2158905481","https://openalex.org/W2165114467","https://openalex.org/W2229412420","https://openalex.org/W4233857083","https://openalex.org/W6630786457","https://openalex.org/W6640185247","https://openalex.org/W6652231383","https://openalex.org/W6683764915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147504644","https://openalex.org/W2013258419","https://openalex.org/W2033176506","https://openalex.org/W4223522845","https://openalex.org/W2119507626","https://openalex.org/W2071501285","https://openalex.org/W3003300666","https://openalex.org/W2116599779","https://openalex.org/W13266374","https://openalex.org/W2504044873"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"surface":[1,12,34,58,151],"normals":[2,35,66],"is":[3,79],"an":[4,36],"important":[5],"task":[6],"in":[7,11,163],"computer":[8],"vision,":[9,20],"e.g.":[10],"reconstruction,":[13],"registration":[14],"and":[15,70,167],"object":[16],"detection.":[17],"In":[18,40],"stereo":[19],"the":[21,53,56,74,101,109,117,129,141,147,150,154,156,160,164,168,172,176],"error":[22,46,143],"of":[23,33,55,76,83,100,105,128,149],"depth":[24],"reconstruction":[25,89,110,131,142],"increases":[26],"quadratically":[27],"with":[28],"distance.":[29],"This":[30],"makes":[31],"estimation":[32],"especially":[37],"demanding":[38],"task.":[39],"this":[41,106],"paper,":[42],"we":[43,61],"analyze":[44],"how":[45],"propagates":[47],"from":[48],"noisy":[49],"disparity":[50,68,77],"data":[51],"to":[52,95,115,122,153,159],"orientation":[54],"estimated":[57],"normal.":[59],"Firstly,":[60],"derive":[62],"a":[63,84,91,97,124,135],"transformation":[64],"for":[65],"between":[67],"space":[69],"world":[71],"coordinates.":[72],"Afterwards,":[73],"propagation":[75],"noise":[78],"analyzed":[80],"by":[81,134],"means":[82],"Monte":[85],"Carlo":[86],"method.":[87],"Normal":[88],"at":[90,170],"pixel":[92,157],"position":[93],"requires":[94],"consider":[96],"certain":[98],"neighborhood":[99,107,119],"pixel.":[102],"The":[103],"extent":[104],"affects":[108],"error.":[111],"Our":[112],"method":[113],"allows":[114],"determine":[116],"optimal":[118],"size":[120],"required":[121],"achieve":[123],"pre":[125],"specified":[126],"deviation":[127],"angular":[130],"error,":[132],"defined":[133],"confidence":[136],"interval.":[137],"We":[138],"show":[139],"that":[140],"only":[144],"depends":[145],"on":[146],"distance":[148,158],"point":[152,162],"camera,":[155],"principal":[161],"image":[165],"plane":[166],"angle":[169],"which":[171],"viewing":[173],"ray":[174],"intersects":[175],"surface.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}