{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413018429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097699","title":"Shape Your Ground: Refining Road Surfaces Beyond Planar Representations","display_name":"Shape Your Ground: Refining Road Surfaces Beyond Planar Representations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413018429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097699","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097699","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.16103","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054428785","display_name":"Oussema Dhaouadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087778","display_name":"Dascena (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002g7k102","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oussema Dhaouadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DeepScenario,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DeepScenario,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046390826","display_name":"J. Meier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087778","display_name":"Dascena (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002g7k102","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Meier","raw_affiliation_strings":["DeepScenario,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DeepScenario,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028490309","display_name":"Jacques Kaiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7487-6185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087778","display_name":"Dascena (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002g7k102","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacques Kaiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["DeepScenario,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DeepScenario,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087778"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087710605","display_name":"Daniel Cremers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3079-7984"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Cremers","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Munich,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Munich,Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054428785"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087778"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8216,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75117541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2136","last_page":"2142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refining","display_name":"Refining (metallurgy)","score":0.7377620935440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar","display_name":"Planar","score":0.7012343406677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46110019087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-ground","display_name":"Common ground","score":0.41457176208496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.29494351148605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2288503646850586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60044698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283324","display_name":"Refining (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.7377620935440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134786449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3391255","display_name":"Planar","level":2,"score":0.7012343406677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46110019087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777877512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116097","display_name":"Common ground","level":2,"score":0.41457176208496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.29494351148605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2288503646850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097699","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097699","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.16103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16103","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.16103","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.16103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16103","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.16103","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48960425","https://openalex.org/W1992642990","https://openalex.org/W2027781877","https://openalex.org/W2112921976","https://openalex.org/W2136651702","https://openalex.org/W2158937235","https://openalex.org/W2471962767","https://openalex.org/W2515344238","https://openalex.org/W2765099728","https://openalex.org/W2883139115","https://openalex.org/W2900943275","https://openalex.org/W4200150166","https://openalex.org/W4206261456","https://openalex.org/W4285224409","https://openalex.org/W4308243039","https://openalex.org/W4312842574","https://openalex.org/W4366208220","https://openalex.org/W4380354474","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4387356464","https://openalex.org/W4398796787","https://openalex.org/W4399881502","https://openalex.org/W4404545376","https://openalex.org/W4413010312","https://openalex.org/W6601946194","https://openalex.org/W6845829662","https://openalex.org/W6851800889","https://openalex.org/W6856911140","https://openalex.org/W6868732899"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1595345252","https://openalex.org/W2392526918","https://openalex.org/W2362540361","https://openalex.org/W2019560916","https://openalex.org/W2361983698","https://openalex.org/W2347697528","https://openalex.org/W2354123794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Road":[0,94],"surface":[1,65,104,115,128,156,196],"reconstruction":[2,26,116,186],"from":[3,79,133],"aerial":[4],"images":[5],"is":[6],"fundamental":[7],"for":[8,47,98,193],"autonomous":[9],"driving,":[10],"urban":[11],"planning,":[12],"and":[13,19,31,106,129,140,169],"virtual":[14],"simulation,":[15],"where":[16],"smoothness,":[17],"compactness,":[18],"accuracy":[20],"are":[21],"critical":[22],"quality":[23],"factors.":[24],"Existing":[25],"methods":[27],"often":[28],"produce":[29],"artifacts":[30],"inconsistencies":[32],"that":[33,149],"limit":[34],"usability,":[35],"while":[36,161],"downstream":[37],"tasks":[38],"have":[39],"a":[40,123,190],"tendency":[41],"to":[42,61,74,164],"represent":[43],"roads":[44],"as":[45],"planes":[46],"simplicity":[48],"but":[49],"at":[50,87],"the":[51,58,91,141,178],"cost":[52],"of":[53,126,181],"accuracy.":[54],"We":[55],"introduce":[56],"FlexRoad,":[57],"first":[59],"framework":[60],"directly":[62],"address":[63],"road":[64,76,114,127,155,195],"smoothing":[66],"by":[67],"fitting":[68,107],"Non-Uniform":[69],"Rational":[70],"B-Splines":[71],"(NURBS)":[72],"surfaces":[73],"3D":[75,145],"points":[77],"obtained":[78],"photogrammetric":[80],"reconstructions":[81],"or":[82],"geodata":[83],"providers.":[84],"Our":[85],"method":[86,192],"its":[88],"core":[89],"utilizes":[90],"Elevation-Constrained":[92],"Spatial":[93],"Clustering":[95],"(ECSRC)":[96],"algorithm":[97],"robust":[99],"anomaly":[100],"correction,":[101],"significantly":[102],"reducing":[103],"roughness":[105],"errors.":[108],"To":[109],"facilitate":[110],"quantitative":[111],"comparison":[112],"between":[113],"methods,":[117],"we":[118,176],"present":[119],"GeoRoad":[120],"Dataset":[121,146],"(GeRoD),":[122],"diverse":[124],"collection":[125],"terrain":[130],"profiles":[131],"derived":[132],"openly":[134],"accessible":[135],"geodata.":[136],"Experiments":[137],"on":[138],"GeRoD":[139],"photogrammetry-based":[142],"DeepScenario":[143],"Open":[144],"(DSC3D)":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"FlexRoad":[150,189],"considerably":[151],"surpasses":[152],"commonly":[153],"used":[154],"representations":[157],"across":[158],"various":[159,165],"metrics":[160],"being":[162],"insensitive":[163],"input":[166],"sources,":[167],"terrains,":[168],"noise":[170],"types.":[171],"By":[172],"performing":[173],"ablation":[174],"studies,":[175],"identify":[177],"key":[179],"role":[180],"each":[182],"component":[183],"towards":[184],"high-quality":[185],"performance,":[187],"making":[188],"generic":[191],"realistic":[194],"modeling.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-08-07T00:00:00"}