{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413018235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097344","title":"How Unsafe was the Scenario? A Criticality Measure for Scenario-Based Testing of Automated Vehicles","display_name":"How Unsafe was the Scenario? A Criticality Measure for Scenario-Based Testing of Automated Vehicles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413018235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097344"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097344","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/365270635/IV25.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104542624","display_name":"Kevin Tom Kurian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Tom Kurian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113289441","display_name":"Nishant Rajesh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishant Rajesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067152840","display_name":"Erjen Lefeber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5455-2834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erjen Lefeber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037329522","display_name":"Jeroen Ploeg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8332-5860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115710","display_name":"Siemens (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/02mt4w922","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210115710"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeroen Ploeg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens Digital Industries Software Netherlands B.V.,Helmond,The Netherlands,5708JZ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens Digital Industries Software Netherlands B.V.,Helmond,The Netherlands,5708JZ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004028181","display_name":"Nathan van de Wouw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-9137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan van de Wouw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076816562","display_name":"Igo Besselink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7976-6700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igo Besselink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070235275","display_name":"Mohsen Alirezaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2858-6408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Alirezaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology,Eind-hoven,The Netherlands,5612AE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25995475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1905","last_page":"1912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9620000123977661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criticality","display_name":"Criticality","score":0.779473066329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.7652593851089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.640440821647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.38619792461395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3564543128013611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3225785195827484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2356657087802887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1822347342967987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125611927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008131","display_name":"Criticality","level":2,"score":0.779473066329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.7652593851089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.640440821647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.38619792461395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3564543128013611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3225785195827484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2356657087802887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1822347342967987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv64158.2025.11097344","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire_cris_publications/364a2235-7fbd-4e72-a8db-98d2aa42b200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/364a2235-7fbd-4e72-a8db-98d2aa42b200","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/365270635/IV25.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kurian, K T, Rajesh, N, Lefeber, A A J, Ploeg, J, van de Wouw, N, Besselink, I J M & Alirezaei, M 2025, How unsafe was the scenario? A criticality measure for scenario-based testing of automated vehicles. in 2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV 2025., 11097344, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pp. 1905-1912, 36th IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV 2025, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 22/06/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097344","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:openaire_cris_publications/364a2235-7fbd-4e72-a8db-98d2aa42b200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/364a2235-7fbd-4e72-a8db-98d2aa42b200","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/365270635/IV25.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kurian, K T, Rajesh, N, Lefeber, A A J, Ploeg, J, van de Wouw, N, Besselink, I J M & Alirezaei, M 2025, How unsafe was the scenario? A criticality measure for scenario-based testing of automated vehicles. in 2025 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV 2025., 11097344, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pp. 1905-1912, 36th IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV 2025, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 22/06/25. https://doi.org/10.1109/IV64158.2025.11097344","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413018235.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413018235.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965455100","https://openalex.org/W1969776993","https://openalex.org/W2067173632","https://openalex.org/W2083446578","https://openalex.org/W2106993639","https://openalex.org/W2116565126","https://openalex.org/W2122773086","https://openalex.org/W2323632808","https://openalex.org/W2971134659","https://openalex.org/W3024414633","https://openalex.org/W3124527002","https://openalex.org/W3190994148","https://openalex.org/W3211439061","https://openalex.org/W4383751099","https://openalex.org/W4400650193","https://openalex.org/W4408713731","https://openalex.org/W6620181601","https://openalex.org/W6690128809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376759283","https://openalex.org/W3008607579","https://openalex.org/W126231364","https://openalex.org/W2279399181","https://openalex.org/W2333336726","https://openalex.org/W2963698000","https://openalex.org/W1668846860","https://openalex.org/W2062567410","https://openalex.org/W2971764220","https://openalex.org/W2391888699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scenario-Based":[0],"Testing":[1],"(SBT)":[2],"is":[3,63,154],"the":[4,45,73,85,91,100,111,114,119,137,145,148,158,183,190,198],"most":[5],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"method":[8],"for":[9,27,60,90,175],"safety":[10,29],"assurance":[11],"of":[12,102,105,113,139,151,185,197],"Automated":[13],"Driving":[14],"System":[15],"equipped":[16],"Vehicles":[17],"(ADS-Vs).":[18],"To":[19,50,156],"comply":[20],"with":[21],"ISO":[22],"21448,":[23],"a":[24,88,95,106,122,133,140,170],"key":[25],"standard":[26],"ADS-V":[28],"assurance,":[30],"SBT":[31],"can":[32],"be":[33],"formulated":[34],"as":[35,84],"an":[36,56,167],"optimization":[37,146],"problem":[38],"to":[39,87,121,181],"identify":[40,51],"unknown":[41],"hazardous":[42,52],"scenarios":[43,53,162],"within":[44],"ADS-V's":[46],"Operational":[47],"Design":[48],"Domain.":[49],"through":[54],"optimization,":[55],"appropriate":[57],"cost":[58],"function":[59],"scenario":[61,82,141],"hazardous-ness":[62,83],"needed":[64],"that":[65],"satisfies":[66],"specific":[67],"requirements.":[68,79],"Existing":[69],"criticality":[70,138],"measures":[71],"in":[72,125,163,189],"literature":[74],"do":[75],"not":[76],"satisfy":[77],"these":[78],"We":[80,93,177],"interpret":[81],"proximity":[86,120],"collision":[89],"ADS-V.":[92,115],"propose":[94],"Criticality":[96],"Measure":[97],"(CM)":[98],"using":[99],"set":[101],"alternative":[103],"futures":[104],"Reference":[107],"Vehicle":[108],"(RV)":[109],"following":[110],"trajectory":[112],"The":[116,129,192],"CM":[117,131,200],"indicates":[118],"collision,":[123],"both":[124],"time":[126],"and":[127,169,195],"space.":[128],"proposed":[130,199],"provides":[132],"posteriori":[134],"knowledge":[135],"about":[136],"already":[142],"generated":[143],"by":[144],"where":[147],"future":[149,187],"evolution":[150],"every":[152],"scene":[153],"available.":[155],"showcase":[157],"developed":[159],"CM,":[160],"multiple":[161],"two":[164],"road":[165],"networks,":[166],"intersection,":[168],"highway":[171],"segment":[172],"are":[173,201],"evaluated":[174],"criticality.":[176],"briefly":[178],"discuss":[179],"how":[180],"incorporate":[182],"severity":[184],"collisions/potential":[186],"collisions":[188],"CM.":[191],"possible":[193],"extensions":[194],"limitations":[196],"discussed.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
