{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209298893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv48863.2021.9575209","title":"Opportunities and Challenges for Flagman Recognition in Autonomous Vehicles","display_name":"Opportunities and Challenges for Flagman Recognition in Autonomous Vehicles","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209298893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv48863.2021.9575209","mag":"3209298893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iv48863.2021.9575209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv48863.2021.9575209","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090895203","display_name":"Weijing Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-2271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weijing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Pittsburgh,PA,USA,15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Pittsburgh,PA,USA,15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104053889","display_name":"Ragunathan Rajkumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ragunathan Rajkumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Pittsburgh,PA,USA,15213"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Pittsburgh,PA,USA,15213","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049171207","display_name":"Eran Kishon","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eran Kishon","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Motors Israel Advanced Technical Center,Herzliya,Israel","General Motors Israel Advanced Technical Center, Herzliya, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Israel Advanced Technical Center,Herzliya,Israel","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors Israel Advanced Technical Center, Herzliya, Israel","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090895203"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46745843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1470","last_page":"1477"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.8741804361343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7394896745681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.6868664026260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.5853176116943359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5541806817054749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5307623744010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5205377340316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4560627043247223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.44682636857032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3823186755180359}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.8741804361343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7394896745681763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.6868664026260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.5853176116943359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5541806817054749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5307623744010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5205377340316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4560627043247223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.44682636857032776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3823186755180359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iv48863.2021.9575209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv48863.2021.9575209","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24089286","https://openalex.org/W2023651548","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2144934339","https://openalex.org/W2471695703","https://openalex.org/W2477047430","https://openalex.org/W2508429489","https://openalex.org/W2509958452","https://openalex.org/W2552330834","https://openalex.org/W2619947201","https://openalex.org/W2736520446","https://openalex.org/W2791256171","https://openalex.org/W2793135572","https://openalex.org/W2892359611","https://openalex.org/W2899508150","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2962934715","https://openalex.org/W2963076818","https://openalex.org/W3005263023","https://openalex.org/W3024263817","https://openalex.org/W3120927796","https://openalex.org/W3130641941","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6600983433","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6756633688","https://openalex.org/W6955071965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187794806","https://openalex.org/W2507962226","https://openalex.org/W2559993915","https://openalex.org/W91291246","https://openalex.org/W205653368","https://openalex.org/W3157854534","https://openalex.org/W2605026180","https://openalex.org/W2108037013","https://openalex.org/W2948613514","https://openalex.org/W2530058850"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicles":[1],"promise":[2],"significant":[3,76],"advances":[4],"in":[5,29,55],"transportation":[6],"safety,":[7],"efficiency":[8],"and":[9,51,62,74,98,118,135,141,157],"comfort.":[10],"However,":[11,64],"achieving":[12],"the":[13,21,56,119,154],"goal":[14],"of":[15,33,41,58,86,130,153],"full":[16],"autonomy":[17],"is":[18,37],"impeded":[19],"by":[20],"need":[22],"to":[23,47,113],"address":[24],"several":[25],"operational":[26],"challenges":[27,87],"encountered":[28],"practice.":[30],"Gesture":[31],"recognition":[32,147],"flagmen":[34],"on":[35,102,162],"roads":[36],"one":[38],"such":[39,138],"set":[40],"challenges.":[42],"An":[43],"autonomous":[44],"vehicle":[45],"needs":[46],"make":[48],"safe":[49],"decisions":[50],"facilitate":[52],"forward":[53],"progress":[54],"presence":[57],"road":[59],"construction":[60],"workers":[61],"flagmen.":[63],"human":[65,155],"gestures":[66,111,133],"under":[67],"diverse":[68],"environmental":[69,120],"conditions":[70],"are":[71],"very":[72],"varied":[73],"represent":[75],"complexity.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"work,":[80],"we":[81,144],"present":[82],"(i)":[83],"a":[84,93,125,128,146],"taxonomy":[85],"for":[88,105],"organizing":[89],"traffic":[90,110],"gestures,":[91],"(ii)":[92],"sizeable":[94],"flagman":[95,116,132],"gesture":[96,106],"dataset,":[97],"(iii)":[99],"extensive":[100,159],"experiments":[101,161],"practical":[103],"algorithms":[104],"recognition.":[107],"We":[108,122],"categorize":[109],"according":[112],"their":[114],"semantics,":[115],"appearances":[117],"context.":[121],"then":[123],"collect":[124],"dataset":[126],"covering":[127],"range":[129],"common":[131],"with":[134],"without":[136],"props":[137],"as":[139],"signs":[140],"flags.":[142],"Finally,":[143],"develop":[145],"algorithm":[148],"using":[149],"different":[150],"feature":[151],"representations":[152],"pose":[156],"perform":[158],"ablation":[160],"each":[163],"component.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
