{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135311557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv.2002.1028844","title":"A fast recognition system for isolated arabic characters","display_name":"A fast recognition system for isolated arabic characters","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135311557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv.2002.1028844","mag":"2135311557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iv.2002.1028844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv.2002.1028844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524423","display_name":"Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113706188","display_name":"John Cowell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Cowell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"F. Hussain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147554453","display_name":"University of Bedfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0400avk24","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing & Information Systems, University of Luton, Luton, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing & Information Systems, University of Luton, Luton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147554453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113706188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8679402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"650","last_page":"654"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-encoding","display_name":"Character encoding","score":0.6982607245445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6905588507652283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6520233154296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6341128349304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5963107943534851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closeness","display_name":"Closeness","score":0.5500308275222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/row","display_name":"Row","score":0.5402621030807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.5156716108322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.48548510670661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion-matrix","display_name":"Confusion matrix","score":0.4825231730937958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.47946178913116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closet","display_name":"Closet","score":0.47603681683540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.4582037925720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.42564114928245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.39921337366104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39644142985343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21154674887657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10871696472167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08362999558448792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32717103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184759","display_name":"Character encoding","level":3,"score":0.6982607245445251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6905588507652283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6520233154296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6341128349304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5963107943534851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779545769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135364","display_name":"Closeness","level":2,"score":0.5500308275222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135598885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366302","display_name":"Row","level":2,"score":0.5402621030807495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.5156716108322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.48548510670661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.4825231730937958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.47946178913116455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778288042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1723368","display_name":"Closet","level":2,"score":0.47603681683540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.4582037925720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42564114928245544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.39921337366104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39644142985343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21154674887657166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10871696472167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08362999558448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iv.2002.1028844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iv.2002.1028844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306524423","display_name":"Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175300340","https://openalex.org/W779329950","https://openalex.org/W1986358255","https://openalex.org/W1989915374","https://openalex.org/W2005922699","https://openalex.org/W2015421919","https://openalex.org/W2020096152","https://openalex.org/W2021836390","https://openalex.org/W2032899295","https://openalex.org/W2049262056","https://openalex.org/W2069064368","https://openalex.org/W2073743311","https://openalex.org/W2081870207","https://openalex.org/W2089312731","https://openalex.org/W2110997526","https://openalex.org/W2124491037","https://openalex.org/W2138546682","https://openalex.org/W2142069714","https://openalex.org/W2143786659","https://openalex.org/W2155044019","https://openalex.org/W2157515255","https://openalex.org/W2160035919","https://openalex.org/W2262213973","https://openalex.org/W2284366946","https://openalex.org/W2287399987","https://openalex.org/W2900792336","https://openalex.org/W6622716065","https://openalex.org/W6695271190","https://openalex.org/W6696485073","https://openalex.org/W6756468883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017301513","https://openalex.org/W2942273116","https://openalex.org/W1505678343","https://openalex.org/W2128670163","https://openalex.org/W2353034271","https://openalex.org/W2110452885","https://openalex.org/W2287099906","https://openalex.org/W1999904264","https://openalex.org/W1880954065","https://openalex.org/W2072750266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,87],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,77,112],"very":[4],"fast":[5],"multi-stage":[6],"algorithm":[7],"for":[8,50,81],"the":[9,15,20,59,65,70,85,92,97,106],"recognition":[10],"of":[11,61,69,79,84,99],"non-Latin":[12,35],"script.":[13],"Although":[14],"examples":[16],"use":[17],"Arabic":[18],"script,":[19],"system":[21],"could":[22],"be":[23],"adapted":[24],"in":[25,33,64,105,111],"minutes":[26],"to":[27,76,101],"deal":[28],"with":[29],"any":[30],"character":[31,71],"set,":[32,107],"particular":[34],"characters":[36,49,83,104],"where":[37],"no":[38],"commercial":[39],"OCR":[40],"systems":[41],"are":[42],"available.":[43],"The":[44],"approach":[45],"used":[46],"normalises":[47],"isolated":[48],"size":[51],"and":[52,67,72],"extracts":[53],"an":[54],"image":[55],"signature":[56],"based":[57],"on":[58],"number":[60],"black":[62],"pixels":[63],"rows":[66],"columns":[68],"compares":[73],"these":[74],"values":[75],"set":[78],"signatures":[80],"typical":[82],"set.":[86],"technique":[88],"identifies":[89],"not":[90],"only":[91],"closet":[93],"match":[94,100],"but":[95],"gives":[96],"closeness":[98],"all":[102],"other":[103],"which":[108],"is":[109],"expressed":[110],"triangular":[113],"confusion":[114],"matrix.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
