{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408700716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10920030","title":"Risk Level Estimation of GNSS Spoofing Interference Using an Enhanced SE-DenseNet Model","display_name":"Risk Level Estimation of GNSS Spoofing Interference Using an Enhanced SE-DenseNet Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408700716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10920030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10920030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10920030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102115337","display_name":"Jin Chun Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing,China,100044"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107910334","display_name":"Jiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5687-360X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing,China,100044"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636115","display_name":"Baigen Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-005X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai-Gen Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing,China,100044"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100370341","display_name":"Jian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-6971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126311","display_name":"Beijing Transportation Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03pydk223","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126311"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center of EMC and GNSS Technology for Rail Transportation,Beijing,China,100044"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of EMC and GNSS Technology for Rail Transportation,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102115337"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82278812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1786","last_page":"1792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.906989336013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7779909372329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.6944706439971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.599838376045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4748920500278473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2823565602302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.261361300945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22533220052719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11851564049720764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.906989336013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7779909372329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6944706439971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.599838376045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4748920500278473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2823565602302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.261361300945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22533220052719116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11851564049720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10920030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc58415.2024.10920030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 27th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1783584870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K2023X002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316125","funder_display_name":"China Railway"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2463302693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4232031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2740202866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022JBQY003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7791311240","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2268206,T2222015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316125","display_name":"China Railway","ror":"https://ror.org/044wv3489"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105103891","https://openalex.org/W2016289989","https://openalex.org/W2244806690","https://openalex.org/W2588080234","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2966788600","https://openalex.org/W2997208591","https://openalex.org/W3008506935","https://openalex.org/W3046611709","https://openalex.org/W3198293994","https://openalex.org/W3210320122","https://openalex.org/W4308079995","https://openalex.org/W4308080987"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Utilizing":[0],"Global":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"(GNSS)":[5],"in":[6,178,189],"railway":[7,17],"train":[8,21,41,191],"positioning":[9],"is":[10,143],"a":[11,15,31,151,165],"viable":[12],"solution":[13,72,142,162],"for":[14,73],"train-centric":[16],"systems,":[18],"like":[19],"the":[20,25,35,48,75,89,97,100,108,111,117,122,129,133,140,160,175,180,184],"control":[22],"system.":[23],"However,":[24],"GNSS":[26,79,83,185],"spoofing":[27,49,62,80,134,152,186],"interference":[28,50],"may":[29],"pose":[30],"serious":[32],"threat":[33],"to":[34,59,107],"performance":[36,168],"and":[37,45,57,92,116,150],"service":[38],"availability":[39],"of":[40,47,54,78,99,132,139],"positioning.":[42,192],"Hence,":[43],"identification":[44],"evaluation":[46,98],"risk":[51,76,135],"would":[52],"be":[53],"great":[55,176],"necessity":[56],"significance":[58],"trigger":[60],"specific":[61,147],"suppression":[63],"measures.":[64],"Therefore,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"an":[68],"enhanced":[69,118],"SE-DenseNet":[70],"modeling":[71,171],"estimating":[74],"level":[77],"interference.":[81],"Specific":[82],"features":[84],"are":[85,114],"extracted":[86],"within":[87],"both":[88],"observation":[90],"domain":[91],"navigation":[93],"calculation":[94],"domain.":[95],"With":[96],"Spoofing":[101],"Risk":[102],"Index":[103],"(SRI)":[104],"with":[105],"respect":[106],"feature":[109],"set,":[110],"sample":[112],"datasets":[113],"generated,":[115],"DenseNet":[119],"model":[120],"integrating":[121],"Squeeze-and-Excitation":[123],"(SE)":[124],"attention":[125],"mechanism":[126],"module":[127],"realizes":[128],"data-driven":[130],"estimation":[131,167],"level.":[136],"The":[137,156],"validation":[138],"proposed":[141,161],"carried":[144],"out":[145],"using":[146],"field":[148],"data":[149],"injection":[153],"test":[154],"environment.":[155],"results":[157],"show":[158],"that":[159],"can":[163],"achieve":[164],"higher":[166],"over":[169],"related":[170],"methods,":[172],"which":[173],"demonstrates":[174],"potential":[177],"enhancing":[179],"perception":[181],"capability":[182],"under":[183],"attack":[187],"situation":[188],"GNSS-based":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
