{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391770303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422114","title":"Bi-Level Programming Approach for Optimal Charging Station Location and Traffic Assignment in Electric Autonomous Vehicle Systems","display_name":"Bi-Level Programming Approach for Optimal Charging Station Location and Traffic Assignment in Electric Autonomous Vehicle Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391770303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422114","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061775082","display_name":"Run Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0274-9982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Run Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104243003","display_name":"Zheyi Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheyi Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050226709","display_name":"Qinru Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1294-1791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinru Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004861155","display_name":"Xiaoxiang Na","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6524-7122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiang Na","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge,Department of Engineering,UK","Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge,Department of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037312929","display_name":"Panagiotis Angeloudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6778-8264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Angeloudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College,Civil and Environmental Engineering Department,London,UK,SW7 2BU"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College,Civil and Environmental Engineering Department,London,UK,SW7 2BU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046443901","display_name":"Der\u2010Horng Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5428-8810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Der-Horng Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China","College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010818843","display_name":"Simon Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9832-6679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China","College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute),Haining,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute (ZJU-UIUC Institute), Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061775082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1339,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48839839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"6013","last_page":"6018"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.957099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.6158349514007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.604127049446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charging-station","display_name":"Charging station","score":0.5506828427314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3365829288959503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.06035524606704712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.6158349514007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.604127049446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779607880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140665","display_name":"Charging station","level":4,"score":0.5506828427314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3365829288959503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.06035524606704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422114","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W316935178","https://openalex.org/W2136885855","https://openalex.org/W2149955401","https://openalex.org/W2169337137","https://openalex.org/W2186537723","https://openalex.org/W2550219709","https://openalex.org/W2907926332","https://openalex.org/W2924885354","https://openalex.org/W2977384209","https://openalex.org/W2989572795","https://openalex.org/W3016493566","https://openalex.org/W3161812229","https://openalex.org/W4236384091","https://openalex.org/W4376457099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981497404","https://openalex.org/W2362149433","https://openalex.org/W4378211444","https://openalex.org/W3203839526","https://openalex.org/W2986711310","https://openalex.org/W2156399915","https://openalex.org/W4310614479","https://openalex.org/W2084958424","https://openalex.org/W4390190385","https://openalex.org/W2040882490"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,73],"increasing":[1],"popularity":[2],"of":[3,22,35,119,134,140],"electric":[4],"autonomous":[5],"vehicles":[6],"(EAVs)":[7],"underscores":[8],"the":[9,19,33,54,70,77,94,103,115,120,132],"need":[10],"for":[11,31,58,86],"expanded":[12],"en-route":[13],"charging":[14,36,67,90,143],"infrastructures":[15],"to":[16,52,61,82,113,130],"effectively":[17],"support":[18],"widespread":[20],"adoption":[21],"EAVs.":[23],"This":[24],"paper":[25],"presents":[26],"a":[27,48,97,124],"bi-level":[28,95],"program":[29],"model":[30,46,75],"optimizing":[32],"placement":[34],"stations":[37,68],"and":[38,117],"traffic":[39,78],"assignments":[40],"within":[41],"EAV":[42,137],"systems.":[43],"upper-level":[45],"formulates":[47],"modified":[49],"p-median":[50],"problem":[51],"minimize":[53,83],"total":[55],"flow-weighted":[56],"distance":[57],"EAVs":[59,87],"seeking":[60],"charge":[62],"services":[63],"by":[64],"strategically":[65],"locating":[66],"in":[69,136],"transportation":[71],"network.":[72],"lower-level":[74],"tackles":[76],"assignment":[79],"problem,":[80],"aiming":[81],"travel":[84],"costs":[85],"considering":[88],"stochastic":[89],"demands.":[91],"To":[92],"solve":[93],"model,":[96],"customized":[98],"heuristic":[99],"iterative":[100],"algorithm":[101],"incorporating":[102],"Frank-Wolfe":[104],"method":[105],"is":[106,111,127],"developed.":[107],"A":[108],"case":[109],"study":[110],"conducted":[112],"demonstrate":[114],"feasibility":[116],"effectiveness":[118],"proposed":[121],"model.":[122],"Furthermore,":[123],"sensitivity":[125],"analysis":[126],"carried":[128],"out":[129],"investigate":[131],"impact":[133],"variations":[135],"users'":[138],"value":[139],"time":[141],"on":[142],"station":[144],"deployment.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
