{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391769959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422102","title":"SAFE: Saliency-Aware Counterfactual Explanations for DNN-based Automated Driving Systems","display_name":"SAFE: Saliency-Aware Counterfactual Explanations for DNN-based Automated Driving Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391769959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/178146/1/WRAP-SAFE-Saliency-aware-counterfactual-explanations-DNN-automated-driving-systems-23.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022860257","display_name":"Amir Samadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9399-7736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amir Samadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015290567","display_name":"Amir Shirian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-5216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Shirian","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018044015","display_name":"Konstantinos Koufos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5653-2186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Koufos","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087052285","display_name":"Kurt Debattista","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2982-5199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Debattista","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068530392","display_name":"Mehrdad Dianati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5119-4499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad Dianati","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL","School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EEECS), Queen's University of Belfast"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Warwick,Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG),Coventry,CV4 7AL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EEECS), Queen's University of Belfast","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022860257"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7559,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88187579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5655","last_page":"5662"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.9324893951416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6759873032569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47366365790367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.13706517219543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.056432873010635376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.9324893951416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6759873032569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47366365790367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.13706517219543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.056432873010635376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10422102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:178146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422102","pdf_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/178146/1/WRAP-SAFE-Saliency-aware-counterfactual-explanations-DNN-automated-driving-systems-23.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/a69731ef-c0ff-4273-a493-f8d7abe8a7ab","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/a69731ef-c0ff-4273-a493-f8d7abe8a7ab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Samadi, A, Shirian, A, Koufos, K, Debattista, K & Dianati, M 2024, SAFE: saliency-aware counterfactual explanations for DNN-based automated driving systems. in 2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC): Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC): Proceedings, IEEE, pp. 5655-5662, 26th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC 2023, Bilbao, Spain, 24/09/2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422102","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:wrap.warwick.ac.uk:178146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSC57777.2023.10422102","pdf_url":"https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/178146/1/WRAP-SAFE-Saliency-aware-counterfactual-explanations-DNN-automated-driving-systems-23.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400665","display_name":"Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","host_organization_name":"University of Warwick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391769959.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391769959.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1663984431","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2068914392","https://openalex.org/W2240067561","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2768956845","https://openalex.org/W2788403449","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2945151003","https://openalex.org/W2949389295","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2963016445","https://openalex.org/W2963125461","https://openalex.org/W2963626105","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W2978074392","https://openalex.org/W2982419388","https://openalex.org/W2994490118","https://openalex.org/W3004170979","https://openalex.org/W3011462663","https://openalex.org/W3019132020","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3035292170","https://openalex.org/W3035564946","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3099331386","https://openalex.org/W3110081891","https://openalex.org/W3126483755","https://openalex.org/W3134673757","https://openalex.org/W3163976319","https://openalex.org/W3186197713","https://openalex.org/W3196878101","https://openalex.org/W3214023923","https://openalex.org/W3214404698","https://openalex.org/W4288317002","https://openalex.org/W4293583991","https://openalex.org/W4295521014","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W4307205462","https://openalex.org/W4312780623","https://openalex.org/W4320002812","https://openalex.org/W4322619403","https://openalex.org/W4323892465","https://openalex.org/W4378713434","https://openalex.org/W4386075552","https://openalex.org/W4403474026","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6751959524","https://openalex.org/W6762093561","https://openalex.org/W6764609527","https://openalex.org/W6810489878","https://openalex.org/W6846398916","https://openalex.org/W6850439920","https://openalex.org/W6852956235","https://openalex.org/W6872633960","https://openalex.org/W6966940381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3201448254","https://openalex.org/W4286970243","https://openalex.org/W2066431708","https://openalex.org/W3025615835","https://openalex.org/W4384133558","https://openalex.org/W173210993","https://openalex.org/W2390660599","https://openalex.org/W3003410553","https://openalex.org/W3028847759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,219],"explainability":[1],"of":[2,37,91,111,148,151,170,184,204],"Deep":[3],"Neural":[4],"Networks":[5],"(DNNs)":[6],"has":[7],"recently":[8],"gained":[9],"significant":[10],"importance":[11],"especially":[12],"in":[13,47,119,182],"safety-critical":[14],"applications":[15],"such":[16,96],"as":[17,29],"automated/autonomous":[18],"vehicles,":[19],"a.k.a.":[20],"automated":[21],"driving":[22,171],"systems.":[23],"CounterFactual":[24],"(CF)":[25],"explanations":[26],"have":[27],"emerged":[28],"a":[30,122,138,167,208],"promising":[31,209],"approach":[32,124,136],"for":[33,211],"interpreting":[34],"the":[35,44,48,53,64,70,88,92,104,109,144,149,152,159,164,197,202],"behaviour":[36],"black-box":[38,93,153],"DNNs.":[39],"A":[40],"CF":[41,77,97,133,186,217],"explainer":[42],"identifies":[43],"minimum":[45,65],"modifications":[46,66],"input":[49,150],"that":[50,125],"would":[51],"alter":[52],"model's":[54,71],"output":[55],"to":[56,68,129,155,196,200],"its":[57,176],"complement.":[58],"In":[59],"other":[60],"words,":[61],"it":[62],"computes":[63],"required":[67],"cross":[69],"decision":[72,105,160],"boundary.":[73,161],"Current":[74],"deep":[75],"generative":[76],"models":[78],"often":[79],"work":[80,194],"with":[81],"user-selected":[82],"features":[83,90,147],"rather":[84],"than":[85],"focusing":[86],"on":[87,143],"discriminative":[89],"model.":[94],"Consequently,":[95],"examples":[98],"may":[99],"not":[100],"necessarily":[101],"lie":[102],"near":[103,158],"boundary,":[106],"thereby":[107],"contradicting":[108],"definition":[110],"CFs.":[112],"To":[113],"address":[114],"this":[115,120],"issue,":[116],"we":[117],"propose":[118],"paper":[121],"novel":[123],"leverages":[126],"saliency":[127],"maps":[128],"generate":[130],"more":[131,213],"informative":[132,216],"explanations.":[134,218],"Our":[135,193],"guides":[137],"Generative":[139],"Adversarial":[140],"Network":[141],"based":[142],"most":[145],"influential":[146],"model":[154],"produce":[156],"CFs":[157],"We":[162],"evaluate":[163],"performance":[165],"using":[166],"real-world":[168],"dataset":[169],"scenes,":[172],"BDD100k,":[173],"and":[174,191,206,215],"demonstrate":[175],"superiority":[177],"over":[178],"several":[179],"baseline":[180],"methods":[181],"terms":[183],"well-known":[185],"metrics,":[187],"including":[188],"proximity,":[189],"sparsity":[190],"validity.":[192],"contributes":[195],"ongoing":[198],"efforts":[199],"improve":[201],"interpretability":[203],"DNNs":[205],"provides":[207],"direction":[210],"generating":[212],"accurate":[214],"source":[220],"codes":[221],"are":[222],"available":[223],"at:":[224],"https://github.com/Amir-Samadi//Saliency_Aware_CF.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-22T08:09:32.410652","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}