{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391768416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421970","title":"Windscreen Optical Quality for AI Algorithms: Refractive Power and MTF not Sufficient","display_name":"Windscreen Optical Quality for AI Algorithms: Refractive Power and MTF not Sufficient","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391768416","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421970","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085728080","display_name":"Dominik Werner Wolf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-3312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319473763","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01f3bhg26","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Werner Wolf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glass Laboratory,Volkswagen Group,Wolfsburg,Germany","Volkswagen Group, Glass Laboratory, Wolfsburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glass Laboratory,Volkswagen Group,Wolfsburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen Group, Glass Laboratory, Wolfsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031522635","display_name":"Markus Ulrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-5554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Ulrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inst. of Photogram. and Remote Sens., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Karlsruhe,Germany","Inst. of Photogram. and Remote Sens., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Photogram. and Remote Sens., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,Karlsruhe,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Photogram. and Remote Sens., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015240928","display_name":"Alexander Braun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8358-0578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75356249","display_name":"Hochschule D\u00fcsseldorf University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00ftx0026","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75356249"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Braun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Applied Sciences Duesseldorf,Faculty of Electr. Eng. and Info. Tech.,Duesseldorf,Germany","Faculty of Electr. Eng. and Info. Tech., University of Applied Sciences Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences Duesseldorf,Faculty of Electr. Eng. and Info. Tech.,Duesseldorf,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75356249"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electr. Eng. and Info. Tech., University of Applied Sciences Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75356249"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085728080"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8023,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73023906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5190","last_page":"5197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9557999968528748,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5828609466552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.49940013885498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4927110970020294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-power","display_name":"Optical power","score":0.4626399576663971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.42686980962753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38008642196655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21071666479110718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5828609466552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49940013885498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4927110970020294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.4626399576663971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.42686980962753296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38008642196655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21071666479110718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421970","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206745480","https://openalex.org/W1952878045","https://openalex.org/W2060419502","https://openalex.org/W2062956033","https://openalex.org/W2584995014","https://openalex.org/W2899417852","https://openalex.org/W2970530309","https://openalex.org/W2975851007","https://openalex.org/W3022237966","https://openalex.org/W3097662192","https://openalex.org/W3210875977","https://openalex.org/W4206564050","https://openalex.org/W4210663079","https://openalex.org/W4230365914","https://openalex.org/W4239299844","https://openalex.org/W4241214195","https://openalex.org/W4247571684","https://openalex.org/W4282838382","https://openalex.org/W4283014504","https://openalex.org/W4298126714","https://openalex.org/W4302617629","https://openalex.org/W4322745959","https://openalex.org/W4385972212"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2544423928","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W2052122378","https://openalex.org/W2062023542","https://openalex.org/W4313731559"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Windscreen":[0],"optical":[1,44,67,117,155,184,199,210],"quality":[2,45,68,185,200,211],"is":[3,110,125,174],"an":[4,134],"important":[5],"aspect":[6],"of":[7,25,46,76,114,119,161,169,201,215],"any":[8],"advanced":[9],"driver":[10],"assistance":[11],"system,":[12],"and":[13,84,180,203],"also":[14],"for":[15,54,60],"future":[16],"autonomous":[17],"driving,":[18],"as":[19,122,133],"today":[20],"at":[21,176],"least":[22],"some":[23],"cameras":[24],"the":[26,32,43,47,74,99,104,123,128,150,159,162,166,177,183,198,213],"sensor":[27],"suite":[28],"are":[29],"situated":[30],"behind":[31],"windscreen.":[33],"Automotive":[34],"mass":[35],"production":[36,86],"processes":[37],"require":[38],"measurement":[39],"systems":[40],"that":[41,80,98,139,149,173],"characterize":[42],"windscreens":[48,146,202],"in":[49,103],"a":[50,153,170,193],"meaningful":[51,59],"way,":[52],"which":[53,218],"modern":[55],"perception":[56],"stacks":[57],"implies":[58],"artificial":[61],"intelligence":[62],"(AI)":[63],"algorithms.":[64],"The":[65],"measured":[66],"needs":[69],"to":[70,73,196,204,207,212,222],"be":[71,91,143,187],"linked":[72],"performance":[75,81,214],"these":[77],"algorithms,":[78,217],"such":[79],"limits":[82,88],"-":[83,89,106,109],"thus":[85],"tolerance":[87],"can":[90,219],"defined.":[92],"In":[93],"this":[94,140,209],"article":[95],"we":[96,136],"demonstrate":[97],"main":[100],"metric":[101,141],"established":[102],"industry":[105,124],"refractive":[107],"power":[108],"fundamentally":[111],"not":[112],"capable":[113],"capturing":[115],"relevant":[116],"properties":[118],"windscreens.":[120],"Further,":[121],"moving":[126],"towards":[127],"modulation":[129],"transfer":[130],"function":[131],"(MTF)":[132],"alternative,":[135],"mathematically":[137],"show":[138],"cannot":[142,186],"used":[144],"on":[145],"alone,":[147],"but":[148],"windscreen":[151,178],"forms":[152],"novel":[154,194,223],"system":[156,172],"together":[157],"with":[158],"optics":[160],"camera":[163],"system.":[164],"Hence,":[165],"required":[167],"goal":[168],"qualification":[171],"installed":[175],"supplier":[179],"independently":[181],"measures":[182],"achieved":[188],"using":[189],"MTF.":[190],"We":[191],"propose":[192],"concept":[195],"determine":[197],"use":[205],"simulation":[206],"link":[208],"AI":[216],"hopefully":[220],"lead":[221],"inspection":[224],"systems.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}