{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391768999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421960","title":"Deep Learning Based Target Detection Method for the Range-Azimuth-Doppler Cube of Automotive Radar","display_name":"Deep Learning Based Target Detection Method for the Range-Azimuth-Doppler Cube of Automotive Radar","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391768999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421960","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101377921","display_name":"Yiru Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiru Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,Sichuan,P.R.China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,Sichuan,P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043445267","display_name":"Xinwei Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8500-2889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwei Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,Sichuan,P.R.China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,Sichuan,P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035252092","display_name":"Zhiyuan Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-7368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,Sichuan,P.R.China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,Sichuan,P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100339151","display_name":"Wei Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-7048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,Sichuan,P.R.China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,Sichuan,P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3157,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92121079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2868","last_page":"2873"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9577999711036682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.7237295508384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.6672801971435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cube","display_name":"Cube (algebra)","score":0.6422054767608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6199068427085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5610640048980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5547077059745789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5414803624153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.4946107566356659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.4906975030899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4856961667537689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.480574369430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-radar","display_name":"3D radar","score":0.4173199534416199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37185990810394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3442070484161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3306284546852112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.31919434666633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2115614116191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.16817089915275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1527698040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14314499497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12704911828041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06459292769432068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.7237295508384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.6672801971435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53051483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861555","display_name":"Cube (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6422054767608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6199068427085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5610640048980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5547077059745789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5414803624153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.4946107566356659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.4906975030899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4856961667537689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.480574369430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81076408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229387","display_name":"3D radar","level":5,"score":0.4173199534416199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37185990810394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3442070484161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3306284546852112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.31919434666633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2115614116191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.16817089915275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1527698040008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14314499497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12704911828041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06459292769432068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc57777.2023.10421960","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 26th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5558743931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62231008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65255600","https://openalex.org/W2009752396","https://openalex.org/W2891649842","https://openalex.org/W2921469264","https://openalex.org/W2939308603","https://openalex.org/W2973595938","https://openalex.org/W2990088543","https://openalex.org/W2996476754","https://openalex.org/W3097947358","https://openalex.org/W3103612787","https://openalex.org/W3110918660","https://openalex.org/W3134772664","https://openalex.org/W3180629550","https://openalex.org/W3193779016","https://openalex.org/W3194790201","https://openalex.org/W4234979662","https://openalex.org/W4281821179","https://openalex.org/W4286285585","https://openalex.org/W4324116547","https://openalex.org/W6771471907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312199258","https://openalex.org/W1655692855","https://openalex.org/W604796468","https://openalex.org/W2892233029","https://openalex.org/W1976542631","https://openalex.org/W4285814362","https://openalex.org/W3185046528","https://openalex.org/W2534521659","https://openalex.org/W4231091843","https://openalex.org/W3153848074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automotive":[0],"radar":[1,21],"has":[2,29,176],"an":[3],"efficient":[4],"ability":[5,180],"to":[6,11,137],"estimate":[7],"velocity":[8],"and":[9,28,101,125,147,166,186],"adapt":[10],"adverse":[12],"environments.":[13],"Range-Azimuth-Doppler":[14],"(RAD)":[15],"cube":[16,51,79],"as":[17,56,80],"a":[18,72,93,177],"representation":[19],"of":[20,59],"data,":[22],"adequately":[23],"retains":[24],"the":[25,41,44,49,57,83,105,112,139,150,154,173],"original":[26],"information":[27],"been":[30],"used":[31],"for":[32,181],"detection":[33,74,94,107,114,127,164],"tasks":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36,145],"deep":[37],"learning.":[38],"However,":[39],"in":[40,48,98,108],"prior":[42],"work,":[43],"overall":[45,84],"target":[46],"feature":[47,58,85,124],"RAD":[50,78],"is":[52,62,86,96,116,135],"not":[53],"fully":[54],"utilized,":[55],"each":[60],"dimension":[61],"extracted":[63,87],"separately":[64],"or":[65],"unevenly.":[66],"In":[67,171],"this":[68,109],"paper,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"triple-head":[73],"network":[75,175],"(TriHeadDet)":[76],"using":[77],"input.":[81],"Firstly,":[82],"by":[88],"3D":[89,106,113,141],"convolution.":[90],"And":[91],"then":[92],"task":[95,115],"implemented":[97],"range,":[99],"azimuth":[100],"Doppler":[102],"dimension,":[103],"called":[104],"paper.":[110],"Specifically,":[111],"decomposed":[117],"into":[118],"2D":[119],"ones":[120],"with":[121,161],"shared":[122],"neck":[123],"parallel":[126],"heads.":[128],"A":[129],"convenient":[130],"bounding":[131],"box":[132],"fusion":[133],"method":[134,152],"proposed":[136,151,174],"achieve":[138],"final":[140],"detection.":[142],"Through":[143],"experiments":[144],"simulated":[146],"measured":[148],"datasets,":[149],"shows":[153],"best":[155],"performance":[156],"among":[157],"all":[158],"experimental":[159],"methods,":[160],"relatively":[162],"high":[163],"probability":[165],"low":[167,182],"false":[168],"alarm":[169],"probability.":[170],"addition,":[172],"certain":[178],"generalization":[179],"signal-clutter":[183],"ratio":[184],"(SCR)":[185],"multi-target":[187],"scenarios.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}