{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308080786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922218","title":"Accelerated Testing for Highly Automated Vehicles: A Combined Method Based on Importance Sampling and Normalizing Flows","display_name":"Accelerated Testing for Highly Automated Vehicles: A Combined Method Based on Importance Sampling and Normalizing Flows","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308080786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009177360","display_name":"He Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6074-9078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"He Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Tongji University,Department of Traffic Engineering and Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Tongji University,Department of Traffic Engineering and Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062319704","display_name":"Jian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5031-4938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Tongji University,Department of Traffic Engineering and Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Tongji University,Department of Traffic Engineering and Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000881841","display_name":"Ye Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-7566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Tongji University,Department of Traffic Engineering and Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering,Shanghai,China,201804"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Tongji University,Department of Traffic Engineering and Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering,Shanghai,China,201804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009177360"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92497564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"574","last_page":"579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6635635495185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6245102286338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.6103373169898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistic","display_name":"Statistic","score":0.4956401586532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.4872111678123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","score":0.45886892080307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/importance-sampling","display_name":"Importance sampling","score":0.43538662791252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.42063283920288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-distribution","display_name":"Sampling distribution","score":0.4194737672805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2515568435192108}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6635635495185852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6245102286338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.6103373169898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.4956401586532593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4872111678123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.45886892080307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52740198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539564","display_name":"Importance sampling","level":3,"score":0.43538662791252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.42063283920288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167723999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3773214","display_name":"Sampling distribution","level":2,"score":0.4194737672805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2515568435192108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2302854686","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52172391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965455100","https://openalex.org/W2087018957","https://openalex.org/W2126270075","https://openalex.org/W2259684855","https://openalex.org/W2304950964","https://openalex.org/W2438413413","https://openalex.org/W2511072509","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2584223592","https://openalex.org/W2584539651","https://openalex.org/W2587284713","https://openalex.org/W2803445912","https://openalex.org/W2885911069","https://openalex.org/W2896642734","https://openalex.org/W2915865192","https://openalex.org/W2963090522","https://openalex.org/W2963343677","https://openalex.org/W2967140494","https://openalex.org/W2992005611","https://openalex.org/W3024414633","https://openalex.org/W4206087398","https://openalex.org/W4293849739","https://openalex.org/W4297798428","https://openalex.org/W6610566761","https://openalex.org/W6733471323","https://openalex.org/W6738536549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312411653","https://openalex.org/W2117221752","https://openalex.org/W111101431","https://openalex.org/W1993703975","https://openalex.org/W2488265634","https://openalex.org/W4286900966","https://openalex.org/W3206336800","https://openalex.org/W4250002049","https://openalex.org/W1583090209","https://openalex.org/W1544602447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,187],"risk":[1,21,41],"rate":[2,22,154],"of":[3,14,23,40,105,117,130,155,169,198],"Highly":[4],"Automated":[5],"Vehicles":[6],"(HAVs)":[7],"represents":[8],"their":[9],"self-driving":[10],"capability.":[11],"One":[12],"goal":[13],"safety":[15,196],"testing":[16,59],"is":[17,101,108,111],"to":[18,36,89,113,121,175],"estimate":[19,122,151],"the":[20,37,63,74,103,115,137,152,163,167,179,184,195],"HAVs":[24],"in":[25,193],"naturalistic":[26,75,147],"driving":[27],"environment":[28],"and":[29,66,120,150],"compare":[30],"them":[31],"with":[32,79,97],"human":[33],"drivers.":[34],"Due":[35],"low":[38],"exposure":[39],"events,":[42],"such":[43],"statistic":[44],"estimation":[45],"requires":[46],"massive":[47],"tests":[48,170],"accumulation.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this":[52],"problem,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"an":[56],"enhanced":[57],"accelerated":[58],"method":[60,104,165,189],"which":[61],"combines":[62],"Importance":[64,70,94,123],"Sampling":[65,71,95,124],"Normalizing":[67,106,133],"Flows":[68,107,134],"together.":[69],"can":[72],"replace":[73],"probability":[76],"density":[77],"function":[78],"a":[80,128],"new":[81],"one":[82],"where":[83],"rare":[84,118],"events":[85,119],"are":[86],"more":[87],"likely":[88],"occur.":[90],"Considering":[91],"that":[92],"fitting":[93],"distribution":[96,116,125],"conventional":[98],"parametric":[99],"distributions":[100],"limited.,":[102],"introduced.":[109],"It":[110,161],"capable":[112],"learn":[114],"by":[126,171],"applying":[127],"sequence":[129],"invertible":[131],"transformations.":[132],"also":[135],"maintains":[136],"correlated":[138],"relationship":[139],"between":[140],"scenario":[141],"variables.":[142],"We":[143],"apply":[144],"it":[145],"on":[146],"Car-following":[148],"scenarios":[149],"collision":[153],"our":[156],"System":[157],"Under":[158],"Test":[159],"(SUT).":[160],"shows":[162],"combined":[164],"reduces":[166],"number":[168],"253":[172],"times":[173],"compared":[174],"Monte":[176],"Carlo":[177],"when":[178],"relative":[180],"half":[181],"width":[182],"reaches":[183],"required":[185],"accuracy.":[186],"proposed":[188],"has":[190],"great":[191],"potential":[192],"accelerating":[194],"assessment":[197],"HAVs.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}