{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308080458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922109","title":"GNSS Anti-spoofing Detection based on Gaussian Mixture Model Machine Learning","display_name":"GNSS Anti-spoofing Detection based on Gaussian Mixture Model Machine Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308080458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/49593.html>","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071018609","display_name":"Zejian Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7007-4523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zejian Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow,United Kingdom","School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043390157","display_name":"Chee Kiat Seow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-9410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Kiat Seow","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow,United Kingdom","School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101692230","display_name":"Qi Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-5693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow,United Kingdom","School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071018609"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3055,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94522507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3334","last_page":"3339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9755469560623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8534882068634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7528735995292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6413289308547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6037641763687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps-signals","display_name":"GPS signals","score":0.5399615168571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.5039321780204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.42592304944992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.42019200325012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36959171295166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.22776493430137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19487950205802917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17933622002601624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9755469560623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8534882068634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7528735995292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6413289308547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6037641763687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.5399615168571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.5039321780204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.42592304944992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42019200325012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36959171295166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.22776493430137634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19487950205802917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17933622002601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:278269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/49593.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:278269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/49593.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132318879","https://openalex.org/W1528574106","https://openalex.org/W1968920764","https://openalex.org/W2021230337","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2344988430","https://openalex.org/W2606189485","https://openalex.org/W2885619172","https://openalex.org/W2904269013","https://openalex.org/W2950478793","https://openalex.org/W2955125114","https://openalex.org/W2971870968","https://openalex.org/W2981085660","https://openalex.org/W2989918996","https://openalex.org/W3159578034","https://openalex.org/W3180454813","https://openalex.org/W4205704741","https://openalex.org/W4229948457","https://openalex.org/W6768109523","https://openalex.org/W7062200708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"the":[1,16,122,131,135,142,148,160],"security":[2],"of":[3,28,34,44,87,113,147],"Global":[4],"Navigation":[5],"Satellite":[6],"System":[7],"(GNSS)":[8],"has":[9,50,117],"raised":[10],"much":[11],"more":[12,169],"concerns":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,31,62,83,129],"reliance":[17],"on":[18,75],"its":[19],"position,":[20],"velocity,":[21],"and":[22,41,60,140,172,177],"timing":[23],"(PVT)":[24],"information,":[25],"which":[26],"is":[27,127],"vital":[29],"importance":[30],"various":[32],"Internet":[33],"Things":[35],"(IoT)":[36],"systems,":[37],"robotics,":[38],"5G":[39],"technology":[40],"many":[42],"applications":[43],"Intelligent":[45],"Transportation":[46],"Systems":[47],"(ITSC).":[48],"It":[49,94,116],"been":[51,118],"shown":[52],"that":[53,98,107,121],"GNSS":[54,88],"system":[55],"can":[56],"be":[57],"easily":[58],"spoofed":[59,104,179],"masqueraded":[61],"provide":[63,84],"ill":[64],"intent":[65],"payload":[66],"damages.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69],"proposes":[70],"a":[71],"novel":[72],"algorithm":[73,126,157],"based":[74],"unsupervised":[76],"machine":[77],"learning":[78],"Gaussian":[79],"Mixture":[80],"Models":[81],"(GMM)":[82],"anti-spoofing":[85],"capability":[86],"signal":[89],"such":[90],"as":[91],"GPS":[92,96,105,137],"signal.":[93],"segregates":[95],"signals":[97,106,138,166],"are":[99],"not":[100],"under":[101],"spoofing,":[102],"from":[103],"will":[108],"result":[109],"in":[110],"malicious":[111],"changes":[112],"pseudo-range":[114],"measurements.":[115],"found":[119],"out":[120],"proposed":[123,154],"GMM":[124,155],"clustering":[125,156],"able":[128],"cluster":[130,159],"positions":[132],"generated":[133,163],"by":[134,164,168],"un-spoofed":[136],"properly":[139,167],"return":[141],"PRN":[143],"(pseudo-range":[144],"noise)":[145],"codes":[146],"satellites":[149,180],"without":[150],"spoofing":[151],"effectively.":[152],"The":[153],"could":[158],"position":[161],"points":[162],"non-spoofed":[165],"than":[170],"90%":[171],"77%":[173],"accuracy":[174],"for":[175],"one":[176],"three":[178],"respectively.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}