{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308068542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922091","title":"Transfer Importance Sampling - How Testing Automated Vehicles in Multiple Test Setups Helps With the Bias-Variance Tradeoff","display_name":"Transfer Importance Sampling - How Testing Automated Vehicles in Multiple Test Setups Helps With the Bias-Variance Tradeoff","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308068542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021483688","display_name":"M. Winkelmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0743-7240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137230718","display_name":"Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4h9q86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137230718"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Max Winkelmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["IAV GmbH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IAV GmbH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137230718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059045774","display_name":"Constantin Vasconi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137230718","display_name":"Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4h9q86","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137230718"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constantin Vasconi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IAV GmbH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IAV GmbH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137230718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101950412","display_name":"Steffen M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7831-7695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Muller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Berlin,Department of Automotive Engineering,Berlin,Germany,13355"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Berlin,Department of Automotive Engineering,Berlin,Germany,13355","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021483688"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137230718"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81590909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"26","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13923","display_name":"Nuclear and radioactivity studies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7355978488922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safer","display_name":"SAFER","score":0.6755478382110596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6511651277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.566987156867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5385182499885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5104352831840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.4193704128265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.40540966391563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3411431908607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32347923517227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14751920104026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10216203331947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.0858275294303894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7355978488922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.6755478382110596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6511651277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.566987156867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5385182499885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5104352831840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.4193704128265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.40540966391563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3411431908607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32347923517227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14751920104026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10216203331947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0858275294303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577352482","https://openalex.org/W2030830543","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2093625674","https://openalex.org/W2099248653","https://openalex.org/W2099325143","https://openalex.org/W2159480496","https://openalex.org/W2438413413","https://openalex.org/W2499897905","https://openalex.org/W2505581470","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2531894595","https://openalex.org/W2566243177","https://openalex.org/W2584539651","https://openalex.org/W2739735772","https://openalex.org/W2758375579","https://openalex.org/W2889790565","https://openalex.org/W2962998905","https://openalex.org/W2989798627","https://openalex.org/W2992742966","https://openalex.org/W3024414633","https://openalex.org/W3037644189","https://openalex.org/W3113855960","https://openalex.org/W3156628937","https://openalex.org/W3197592346","https://openalex.org/W3203606864","https://openalex.org/W3206225415","https://openalex.org/W3210428917","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4240672450","https://openalex.org/W6620309526","https://openalex.org/W6642820018","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6771352390","https://openalex.org/W6787836385","https://openalex.org/W6802102249","https://openalex.org/W7033776453"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953205341","https://openalex.org/W235065745","https://openalex.org/W2029935773","https://openalex.org/W2787754950","https://openalex.org/W1572215850","https://openalex.org/W1985775355","https://openalex.org/W2352115286","https://openalex.org/W2084793300","https://openalex.org/W2476350415","https://openalex.org/W599377045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diverse":[0],"test":[1,52,67,74,95,110,126,141,151],"setups":[2],"are":[3,26,32,85],"used":[4,87],"to":[5,76,88,122,146],"ensure":[6],"the":[7,18,48,109,116,138],"safe":[8],"operation":[9],"of":[10,20,50,118,137],"automated":[11],"vehicles":[12],"(AV).":[13],"Field":[14],"tests":[15,31,90],"fully":[16],"represent":[17],"complexity":[19],"AVs":[21],"and":[22,140,149,157],"their":[23],"environment":[24],"but":[25,34,134],"costly.":[27],"Conversely,":[28],"purely":[29],"virtual":[30],"scalable":[33],"may":[35,130],"not":[36],"reflect":[37],"all":[38],"real-world":[39],"phenomena":[40],"sufficiently":[41],"well.":[42],"To":[43],"reliably":[44],"estimate":[45],"risks":[46],"despite":[47],"deficiencies":[49,136],"individual":[51],"setups,":[53],"this":[54],"paper":[55],"proposes":[56],"transfer":[57],"importance":[58],"sampling":[59],"(TIS),":[60],"a":[61,71,92,105],"risk":[62,119,159],"estimation":[63,120,160],"method":[64],"linking":[65],"two":[66],"setups.":[68,142],"TIS":[69,113,144],"uses":[70],"scalable,":[72],"cost-effective":[73],"setup":[75,96],"comprehensively":[77],"explore":[78],"an":[79],"AV's":[80],"behavior.":[81],"The":[82],"insights":[83],"gained":[84],"then":[86],"parameterize":[89],"in":[91],"more":[93,155],"trustworthy":[94],"accurately":[97],"reflecting":[98],"risks.":[99],"Our":[100],"experiments":[101],"show":[102],"that":[103],"given":[104],"sufficient":[106],"correlation":[107],"between":[108],"setups'":[111,152],"results,":[112],"can":[114],"reduce":[115],"effort":[117],"compared":[121],"methods":[123],"using":[124],"one":[125],"setup.":[127],"Contrarily,":[128],"discrepancies":[129],"prevent":[131],"efficiency":[132],"gains":[133],"reveal":[135],"AV":[139],"Thus,":[143],"allows":[145],"compensate":[147],"for":[148,161],"mitigate":[150],"deficiencies,":[153],"enabling":[154],"efficient":[156],"accurate":[158],"safer":[162],"AVs.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
