{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308068552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922064","title":"Federated Learning Framework Coping with Hierarchical Heterogeneity in Cooperative ITS","display_name":"Federated Learning Framework Coping with Hierarchical Heterogeneity in Cooperative ITS","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308068552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1663468","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102008145","display_name":"Rui Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-1081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111151","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01nqmht92","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111151","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI,Ingolstadt,Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI, Ingolstadt, Germany","Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Garching, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI,Ingolstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102787443","display_name":"Liguo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2767-2598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liguo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems,Garching,Germany","Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Garching, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems,Garching,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028246218","display_name":"Venkatnarayanan Lakshminarasimhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkatnarayanan Lakshminarasimhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems,Garching,Germany","Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Garching, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems,Garching,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032935966","display_name":"Andreas Festag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-6425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106192","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxzcy64","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111151","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01nqmht92","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111151","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Festag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI,Ingolstadt,Germany","Technische Hochschule In-golstadt, CARISSMA Institute for Electric, COnnected, and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS), Ingolstadt, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI, Ingolstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI,Ingolstadt,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111151"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Hochschule In-golstadt, CARISSMA Institute for Electric, COnnected, and Secure Mobility (C-ECOS), Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI, Ingolstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111151"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063781430","display_name":"Alois Knoll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4840-076X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alois Knoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems,Garching,Germany","Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Garching, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems,Garching,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Real-Time Systems, Garching, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102008145"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111151","https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92668211,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3502","last_page":"3508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7863078117370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.6094029545783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5712007284164429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5449312329292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-aggregator","display_name":"Data aggregator","score":0.47074398398399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47022271156311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4193588197231293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.406358540058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2533714175224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.22693952918052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15496891736984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10489609837532043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7863078117370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.6094029545783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5712007284164429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5449312329292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.47074398398399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47022271156311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4193588197231293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.406358540058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2533714175224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.22693952918052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15496891736984253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10489609837532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1663468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1663468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/445550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/445550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1663468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1663468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"ConferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969222023","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2909861239","https://openalex.org/W3001299093","https://openalex.org/W3015613093","https://openalex.org/W3038022836","https://openalex.org/W3038248860","https://openalex.org/W3045638580","https://openalex.org/W3091635927","https://openalex.org/W3125920252","https://openalex.org/W3126365018","https://openalex.org/W3133434317","https://openalex.org/W3194243671","https://openalex.org/W3201193904","https://openalex.org/W3202612503","https://openalex.org/W4200141085","https://openalex.org/W4226025096","https://openalex.org/W4283208894","https://openalex.org/W4285813083","https://openalex.org/W4286411816","https://openalex.org/W4289147229","https://openalex.org/W4293339277","https://openalex.org/W4312604822","https://openalex.org/W4321455659","https://openalex.org/W4383108819","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6756756286","https://openalex.org/W6759238902","https://openalex.org/W6801492722","https://openalex.org/W6810359024","https://openalex.org/W6810460759","https://openalex.org/W6840168433"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,101,120,217,270],"is":[2,43,245],"a":[3,54,74,99,182],"key":[4],"approach":[5],"for":[6,86],"the":[7,27,35,39,49,116,151,164,187,194,216,223,236,262,267],"environment":[8],"perception":[9],"function":[10],"of":[11,26,58,69,77,167,193,201,225,261],"Cooperative":[12],"Intelligent":[13],"Transportation":[14],"Systems":[15],"(C-ITS)":[16],"with":[17,104,254],"autonomous":[18],"vehicles":[19],"and":[20,30,72,147,160,171,177,204,219,248,279],"smart":[21,64],"traffic":[22,65,129,142,149,175],"infrastructure.":[23],"The":[24,122,206],"performance":[25],"object":[28],"recognition":[29],"detection":[31],"strongly":[32],"depends":[33],"on":[34,238],"data":[36,51,81,125,137,168],"volume":[37],"in":[38,131,189,199,227,251],"model":[40,87,152,271],"training,":[41],"which":[42,112],"usually":[44],"not":[45,83],"sufficient":[46],"due":[47,90],"to":[48,91,222,232,276,287],"limited":[50],"collected":[52],"by":[53,157],"typically":[55],"small":[56],"fleet":[57],"test":[59],"vehicles.":[60],"In":[61,94],"today's":[62],"C-ITS,":[63],"participants":[66],"are":[67,154,264],"capable":[68,249],"timely":[70,265],"generating":[71],"transmitting":[73],"large":[75],"amount":[76],"data.":[78],"However,":[79],"these":[80],"can":[82,113,213,272,282],"be":[84,274,283],"used":[85],"training":[88],"directly":[89],"privacy":[92],"constraints.":[93],"this":[95],"paper,":[96],"we":[97,180],"introduce":[98],"federated":[100,239],"framework":[102,123,195,244],"coping":[103],"Hierarchical":[105],"Heterogeneity":[106],"(H":[107],"<sup":[108],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[109],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[110],"-Fed),":[111],"notably":[114],"enhance":[115],"conventional":[117],"pre-trained":[118,268],"deep":[119,269],"model.":[121],"exploits":[124],"from":[126,285],"connected":[127],"public":[128],"agents":[130,176,263],"vehicular":[132,158],"networks":[133],"without":[134],"affecting":[135],"user":[136],"privacy.":[138],"By":[139],"coordinating":[140],"existing":[141],"infrastructure,":[143],"including":[144],"roadside":[145,178,202],"units":[146,203],"road":[148],"clouds,":[150],"parameters":[153],"efficiently":[155],"disseminated":[156],"communications":[159],"hierarchically":[161],"aggregated.":[162],"Considering":[163],"individual":[165],"heterogeneity":[166,188,226],"distribution,":[169],"computational":[170],"communication":[172,229,256],"capabilities":[173],"across":[174],"units,":[179],"employ":[181],"novel":[183],"method":[184,212],"that":[185,210,242],"addresses":[186],"different":[190],"aggregation":[191,198],"layers":[192,200],"architecture,":[196],"i.e.,":[197],"cloud.":[205],"experimental":[207],"results":[208],"indicate":[209],"our":[211,243],"well":[214],"balance":[215],"accuracy":[218,281],"stability":[220],"according":[221],"knowledge":[224],"current":[228],"networks.":[230],"Comparing":[231],"other":[233],"baseline":[234],"approaches,":[235],"evaluation":[237],"datasets":[240],"shows":[241],"more":[246],"general":[247],"especially":[250],"application":[252],"scenarios":[253],"low":[255],"quality.":[257],"Even":[258],"when":[259],"90%":[260,289],"disconnected,":[266],"still":[273],"forced":[275],"converge":[277],"stably,":[278],"its":[280],"enhanced":[284],"68%":[286],"over":[288],"after":[290],"convergence.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
