{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308080884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922023","title":"Bilateral Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Better-than-human Car-following","display_name":"Bilateral Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Better-than-human Car-following","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308080884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052101688","display_name":"Tianyu Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5274-1101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering,Toronto,Ontario,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering,Toronto,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114041208","display_name":"Yifei Ai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering,Toronto,Ontario,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering,Toronto,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021903743","display_name":"Omar ElSamadisy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-7319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59272784","display_name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/0004vyj87","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}],"countries":["CA","EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar ElSamadisy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering,Toronto,Ontario,Canada","Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering,Toronto,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59272784"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007210426","display_name":"Baher Abdulhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8787-2578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baher Abdulhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto,Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering,Toronto,Ontario,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto,Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering,Toronto,Ontario,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052101688"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3021,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82129032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3986","last_page":"3992"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8954333066940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6597569584846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jerk","display_name":"Jerk","score":0.6408509612083435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5388491153717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4606066048145294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4295443296432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.41514426469802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3304958939552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3232420086860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.3047183156013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.27173739671707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.1596415638923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.078489750623703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8954333066940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6597569584846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181605269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497332","display_name":"Jerk","level":3,"score":0.6408509612083435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5388491153717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4606066048145294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4295443296432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.41514426469802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3304958939552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3232420086860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.3047183156013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27173739671707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.1596415638923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.078489750623703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607737","display_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2497204748","https://openalex.org/W4281395624","https://openalex.org/W2351684991","https://openalex.org/W1561345858","https://openalex.org/W2539932329","https://openalex.org/W1983113136","https://openalex.org/W1819938260","https://openalex.org/W2340892746","https://openalex.org/W2742483371","https://openalex.org/W3005999311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Car-following":[0],"based":[1,24],"on":[2,25],"Reinforcement":[3,69],"Learning":[4,70],"(RL)":[5],"has":[6],"received":[7],"attention":[8],"in":[9,81,121,140],"recent":[10],"years":[11],"with":[12],"the":[13,43,79,85,96,111,136],"goal":[14],"of":[15,142],"learning":[16],"and":[17,65,72,83,91,125,156],"achieving":[18],"performance":[19],"levels":[20],"comparable":[21],"to":[22,109,153],"humans,":[23],"human":[26,137],"car":[27,49,59],"following":[28,50,60],"data.":[29],"However,":[30],"most":[31],"existing":[32],"RL":[33,107],"methods":[34],"model":[35],"car-following":[36],"as":[37],"a":[38,104],"unilateral":[39],"problem,":[40],"sensing":[41],"only":[42],"leading":[44],"vehicle":[45,87],"ahead.":[46],"For":[47],"better":[48,134],"performance,":[51],"we":[52,74,102],"propose":[53],"two":[54],"extensions:":[55],"(1)":[56],"We":[57],"optimise":[58],"for":[61,115],"maximum":[62],"efficiency,":[63],"safety":[64],"comfort":[66],"using":[67],"Deep":[68],"(DRL),":[71],"(2)":[73],"integrate":[75],"bilateral":[76],"information":[77],"from":[78],"vehicles":[80],"front":[82],"behind":[84],"subject":[86],"into":[88],"both":[89,122],"state":[90],"reward":[92],"function,":[93],"inspired":[94],"by":[95],"Bilateral":[97],"Control":[98],"Model":[99],"(BCM).":[100],"Furthermore,":[101],"use":[103],"decentralized":[105],"multi-agent":[106],"framework":[108],"generate":[110],"corresponding":[112],"control":[113],"action":[114],"each":[116],"agent.":[117],"Our":[118],"simulation":[119],"results":[120],"closed":[123],"loop":[124],"perturbation":[126],"tests":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"that":[129],"our":[130],"learned":[131],"policy":[132,139],"is":[133],"than":[135],"driving":[138],"terms":[141],"(a)":[143],"inter-vehicle":[144],"headways,":[145],"(b)":[146],"average":[147],"speed,":[148],"(c)":[149],"jerk,":[150],"(d)":[151],"Time":[152],"Collision":[154],"(TTC)":[155],"(e)":[157],"string":[158],"stability.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}