{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210678842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9565130","title":"Dynamic Data-Driven Carbon-Based Electric Vehicle Charging Pricing Strategy Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Dynamic Data-Driven Carbon-Based Electric Vehicle Charging Pricing Strategy Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210678842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9565130","mag":"3210678842"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9565130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9565130","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072167919","display_name":"Jacqueline Garrido","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802821144","display_name":"Center for Environmental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03k84rm07","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacqueline Garrido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077257353","display_name":"Matthew Barth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4735-5859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802821144","display_name":"Center for Environmental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03k84rm07","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew J. Barth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084091466","display_name":"Luis Fernando Enriquez-Contreras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0636-1216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802821144","display_name":"Center for Environmental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03k84rm07","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Enriquez-Contreras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101969413","display_name":"A S M Jahid Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8395-0145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802821144","display_name":"Center for Environmental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03k84rm07","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ASM Jahid Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049694130","display_name":"Michael Todd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1981-4245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802821144","display_name":"Center for Environmental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03k84rm07","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Todd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109501917","display_name":"Sadrul Ula","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802821144","display_name":"Center for Environmental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03k84rm07","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadrul Ula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054222899","display_name":"Jubair Yusuf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-0952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802821144","display_name":"Center for Environmental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03k84rm07","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jubair Yusuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026; Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Environmental Research &#x0026","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802821144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4068,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61740029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1670","last_page":"1675"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12617","display_name":"Energy, Environment, and Transportation Policies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.6708186864852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaics","display_name":"Photovoltaics","score":0.6190071702003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.5574571490287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.5181249976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5130185484886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-neutrality","display_name":"Carbon neutrality","score":0.484594464302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4545910954475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-pricing","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","score":0.4398147761821747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4385816156864166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrification","display_name":"Electrification","score":0.4299895763397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.41231802105903625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.40469056367874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32253703474998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3115346431732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22026857733726501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.15379473567008972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6708186864852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542589376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192127","display_name":"Photovoltaics","level":3,"score":0.6190071702003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.5574571490287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.5181249976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5130185484886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126172416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774424","display_name":"Carbon neutrality","level":3,"score":0.484594464302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4545910954475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.4398147761821747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4385816156864166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778324724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076056","display_name":"Electrification","level":3,"score":0.4299895763397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.41231802105903625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.40469056367874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32253703474998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3115346431732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22026857733726501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15379473567008972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9565130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9565130","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560793205","https://openalex.org/W1832422473","https://openalex.org/W2042900067","https://openalex.org/W2057563309","https://openalex.org/W2077110827","https://openalex.org/W2078219625","https://openalex.org/W2093855208","https://openalex.org/W2119439856","https://openalex.org/W2339116014","https://openalex.org/W2462715525","https://openalex.org/W2611804055","https://openalex.org/W2618568670","https://openalex.org/W2767736369","https://openalex.org/W2790174894","https://openalex.org/W2794396209","https://openalex.org/W2794631294","https://openalex.org/W2803312847","https://openalex.org/W2883670664","https://openalex.org/W2884466378","https://openalex.org/W2886911664","https://openalex.org/W2894477771","https://openalex.org/W2898733038","https://openalex.org/W2976858096","https://openalex.org/W3003170878","https://openalex.org/W3015189608","https://openalex.org/W3041877959","https://openalex.org/W3083579434","https://openalex.org/W3132236957","https://openalex.org/W6789976843"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052048483","https://openalex.org/W3207437955","https://openalex.org/W647089723","https://openalex.org/W1969624282","https://openalex.org/W4289780587","https://openalex.org/W4386702176","https://openalex.org/W630161627","https://openalex.org/W423694295","https://openalex.org/W4285018765","https://openalex.org/W4310584159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,38,56,99,102,174,183,212],"achieve":[3],"carbon":[4],"neutrality":[5],"by":[6,26,92,111],"2045,":[7],"it":[8],"is":[9,29],"estimated":[10],"that":[11,31,59,162],"California":[12,133],"will":[13,35],"need":[14],"approximately":[15],"eight":[16],"million":[17,23],"Electric":[18],"Vehicles":[19],"(EVs)":[20],"and":[21,46,78,87,130,154],"1.5":[22],"shared":[24],"chargers":[25],"2030.":[27],"It":[28],"clear":[30],"innovative":[32],"charging":[33,41],"solutions":[34],"be":[36,179],"needed":[37],"align":[39],"EVs":[40,58],"with":[42],"renewable":[43],"energy":[44],"generation":[45],"local":[47,66],"grid":[48],"needs.":[49],"We":[50,138],"propose":[51],"a":[52,197],"carbon-based":[53,89,192],"pricing":[54,90,193],"strategy":[55,194],"charge":[57,103],"considers":[60],"CO2":[61],"emissions":[62],"from":[63,114,131,145,158,181,210],"the":[64,94,97,115,124,132,146,163,202],"grid,":[65,147],"solar":[67,151,187],"photovoltaics":[68],"(PV)":[69],"electricity":[70],"generation,":[71],"building":[72,155],"power":[73,153,156],"usage,":[74],"Time-of-Use":[75,199],"(TOU)":[76],"rates,":[77],"Carbon":[79],"Allowance":[80],"Prices":[81],"(CAP).":[82],"Our":[83,107],"model":[84,108],"generates":[85],"day-ahead":[86],"three-hour-ahead":[88],"predictions":[91],"learning":[93],"patterns":[95],"of":[96,126,196],"data":[98,113],"incentivize":[100],"users":[101],"at":[104,123],"favorable":[105],"times.":[106],"was":[109],"created":[110],"using":[112],"Center":[116],"for":[117,168],"Environmental":[118],"Research":[119],"&#x0026;":[120],"Technology":[121],"(CE-CERT)":[122],"University":[125],"California,":[127],"Riverside":[128],"(UCR)":[129],"Independent":[134],"System":[135],"Operator":[136],"(CAISO).":[137],"generate":[139],"three":[140],"separated":[141],"predictions:":[142],"CO<inf>2</inf>emissions":[143],"rate":[144],"as":[148,150],"well":[149],"PV":[152],"usage":[157],"CE-CERT.":[159],"Results":[160],"show":[161],"predicted":[164,203],"cost":[165,204],"per":[166,205],"mile":[167,206],"an":[169],"average":[170],"EV":[171],"(33":[172],"kWh":[173],"travel":[175],"100":[176],"miles)":[177],"should":[178,207],"decreased":[180],"$0.0249":[182,211],"$0":[184],"during":[185,214],"abundant":[186],"hours":[188],"when":[189],"considering":[190],"our":[191],"instead":[195],"pre-programmed":[198],"scheme.":[200],"Further,":[201],"also":[208],"increase":[209],"$0.027":[213],"non-solar":[215],"hours.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}