{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174563474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564661","title":"Towards Serious Perception Sensor Simulation for Safety Validation of Automated Driving - A Collaborative Method to Specify Sensor Models","display_name":"Towards Serious Perception Sensor Simulation for Safety Validation of Automated Driving - A Collaborative Method to Specify Sensor Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174563474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564661","mag":"3174563474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564661","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/18949","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051419947","display_name":"Clemens Linnhoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-0734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clemens Linnhoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025410387","display_name":"Philipp Rosenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-0623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Rosenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061406575","display_name":"Simon Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5459-368X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1319473763","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01f3bhg26","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volkswagen AG,Wolfsburg,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen AG,Wolfsburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050742866","display_name":"Lukas Elster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3531-4398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Elster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022492596","display_name":"Rainer Stark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2599-0130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rainer Stark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065436966","display_name":"Hermann Winner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9824-3195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technical University of Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Winner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051419947"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6485,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6814173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2688","last_page":"2695"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6907452940940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6823674440383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/table","display_name":"Table (database)","score":0.5926709771156311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5828226804733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5803613066673279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5059928297996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3599094748497009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.357275128364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2900903820991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25936684012413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14359429478645325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6907452940940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6823674440383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.5926709771156311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5828226804733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5803613066673279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5059928297996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3599094748497009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.357275128364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2900903820991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25936684012413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14359429478645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564661","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:127408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/127408/","pdf_url":"https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/18949","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzver\u00f6ffentlichung"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:18949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/18949/1/2021_ITSC_Specify_Sensor_Model_PrePrint.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401590","display_name":"Technischen Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"doi:10.26083/tuprints-00018949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26083/tuprints-00018949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051655","display_name":"TUprints","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:127408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/127408/","pdf_url":"https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/18949","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzver\u00f6ffentlichung"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3174563474.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W141966812","https://openalex.org/W144581620","https://openalex.org/W584180285","https://openalex.org/W634864264","https://openalex.org/W979198285","https://openalex.org/W1499535326","https://openalex.org/W1509985345","https://openalex.org/W1602284094","https://openalex.org/W1614122057","https://openalex.org/W1968196836","https://openalex.org/W1974658256","https://openalex.org/W1976056157","https://openalex.org/W1978226972","https://openalex.org/W1978781796","https://openalex.org/W1985809110","https://openalex.org/W1989285974","https://openalex.org/W2004398761","https://openalex.org/W2010054375","https://openalex.org/W2043206197","https://openalex.org/W2048133440","https://openalex.org/W2064661242","https://openalex.org/W2068541975","https://openalex.org/W2068984652","https://openalex.org/W2073707829","https://openalex.org/W2074671199","https://openalex.org/W2076789851","https://openalex.org/W2083485646","https://openalex.org/W2086461898","https://openalex.org/W2088863228","https://openalex.org/W2092274591","https://openalex.org/W2107695699","https://openalex.org/W2111917420","https://openalex.org/W2112129371","https://openalex.org/W2135049428","https://openalex.org/W2138194976","https://openalex.org/W2161005943","https://openalex.org/W2161459026","https://openalex.org/W2162021721","https://openalex.org/W2166821693","https://openalex.org/W2289237672","https://openalex.org/W2291130671","https://openalex.org/W2469849712","https://openalex.org/W2480860107","https://openalex.org/W2492428391","https://openalex.org/W2496997613","https://openalex.org/W2499705224","https://openalex.org/W2501820083","https://openalex.org/W2510506585","https://openalex.org/W2513079078","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2548657105","https://openalex.org/W2562147796","https://openalex.org/W2769526624","https://openalex.org/W2783005801","https://openalex.org/W2799265886","https://openalex.org/W2805909403","https://openalex.org/W2885076324","https://openalex.org/W2888899847","https://openalex.org/W2896467273","https://openalex.org/W2897141862","https://openalex.org/W2903627567","https://openalex.org/W2903926488","https://openalex.org/W2904533899","https://openalex.org/W2905494073","https://openalex.org/W2907485472","https://openalex.org/W2964385028","https://openalex.org/W2970518161","https://openalex.org/W2972647541","https://openalex.org/W2973926132","https://openalex.org/W2983453656","https://openalex.org/W2984530937","https://openalex.org/W2986083514","https://openalex.org/W2987731589","https://openalex.org/W2991207944","https://openalex.org/W2999423154","https://openalex.org/W3001808525","https://openalex.org/W3003139904","https://openalex.org/W3009605944","https://openalex.org/W3013742767","https://openalex.org/W3034260162","https://openalex.org/W3036647544","https://openalex.org/W3039575763","https://openalex.org/W3048723201","https://openalex.org/W3095690802","https://openalex.org/W3099746624","https://openalex.org/W3099983007","https://openalex.org/W3105123458","https://openalex.org/W3132354931","https://openalex.org/W3181396683","https://openalex.org/W3213005245","https://openalex.org/W4205461151","https://openalex.org/W4230519770","https://openalex.org/W4233173674","https://openalex.org/W4245192382","https://openalex.org/W4250721005","https://openalex.org/W4251389779","https://openalex.org/W4254795036","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6620396916","https://openalex.org/W6629805834","https://openalex.org/W6667388405","https://openalex.org/W6669028637","https://openalex.org/W6684261298","https://openalex.org/W6719790655","https://openalex.org/W6753069057","https://openalex.org/W6773173292","https://openalex.org/W6780439892","https://openalex.org/W6797679516","https://openalex.org/W6812053475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085384747","https://openalex.org/W2088166309","https://openalex.org/W2106071040","https://openalex.org/W4312133475","https://openalex.org/W4238976562","https://openalex.org/W2276587472","https://openalex.org/W2948670949","https://openalex.org/W4248323080","https://openalex.org/W4288047943","https://openalex.org/W2615795876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Perception":[0],"sensor":[1,28,49,110],"modeling":[2],"is":[3,64,84],"essential":[4],"for":[5,26,35,51,74],"the":[6,17,39,52,62,72,88,91,102,105],"safety":[7,36],"validation":[8,37],"of":[9,55,61,68,90],"automated":[10,56],"driving":[11,57],"systems":[12],"in":[13,38,101],"virtual":[14],"environments.":[15],"Nevertheless,":[16],"community":[18],"lacks":[19],"a":[20,32,45,65,81,113],"methodical":[21],"approach":[22,63],"to":[23,47,86,94,108],"derive":[24],"requirements":[25],"such":[27],"models":[29,50,111],"that":[30],"enables":[31],"serious":[33],"application":[34],"first":[40],"place.":[41],"This":[42],"article":[43],"provides":[44],"method":[46],"specify":[48,109],"environmental":[53],"perception":[54],"systems.":[58],"The":[59],"key":[60],"collaborative":[66],"collection":[67,78],"cause-effect":[69],"chains":[70,93],"as":[71],"basis":[73],"specification.":[75],"With":[76],"this":[77],"at":[79],"hand,":[80],"tabular":[82],"form":[83],"introduced":[85],"extract":[87],"relevance":[89],"effect":[92],"be":[95],"modeled.":[96],"Combined":[97],"profound":[98],"expert":[99],"assessments":[100],"table":[103],"enable":[104],"test":[106],"engineer":[107],"within":[112],"traceable":[114],"decision-making":[115],"process.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}