{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208433349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564420","title":"Peek into the Future Camera-based Occupant Sensing in Configurable Cabins for Autonomous Vehicles","display_name":"Peek into the Future Camera-based Occupant Sensing in Configurable Cabins for Autonomous Vehicles","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208433349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564420","mag":"3208433349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564420","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.11950","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080408640","display_name":"A. V. Prabu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0423-3405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135191193","display_name":"University of Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/052133d12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135191193"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Avinash Prabu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135191193","https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085877797","display_name":"Renran Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2028-3856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135191193","display_name":"University of Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/052133d12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135191193"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renran Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135191193","https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101586017","display_name":"Lingxi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-492X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135191193","display_name":"University of Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/052133d12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135191193"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingxi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135191193","https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062311601","display_name":"Jia\u2010Liang Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9494-666X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialiang Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ford Motor company, Research and Innovation Center, Dear-born, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor company, Research and Innovation Center, Dear-born, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112706476","display_name":"S. Sundararajan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivasan Sundararajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ford Motor company, Research and Innovation Center, Dear-born, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor company, Research and Innovation Center, Dear-born, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047191262","display_name":"Saeed Barbat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Barbat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ford Motor company, Research and Innovation Center, Dear-born, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor company, Research and Innovation Center, Dear-born, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080408640"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135191193","https://openalex.org/I55769427"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1972696,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3321","last_page":"3327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6729245185852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6258209347724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.5139345526695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.499680757522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4431137144565582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4051682949066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36506199836730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21523669362068176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6729245185852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6258209347724915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.5139345526695251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.499680757522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4431137144565582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4051682949066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36506199836730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21523669362068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564420","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2212.11950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.11950","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.11950","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu:1805/39135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1805/39135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400987","display_name":"IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ArXiv","raw_type":"Conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2212.11950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.11950","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.11950","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1890200061","https://openalex.org/W1985758238","https://openalex.org/W2022643633","https://openalex.org/W2024529169","https://openalex.org/W2025623975","https://openalex.org/W2043133488","https://openalex.org/W2044875133","https://openalex.org/W2105174503","https://openalex.org/W2341579967","https://openalex.org/W2546655401","https://openalex.org/W2563313883","https://openalex.org/W2579937995","https://openalex.org/W2650216849","https://openalex.org/W2742951402","https://openalex.org/W2766085043","https://openalex.org/W2768076358","https://openalex.org/W2796017944","https://openalex.org/W2908578648","https://openalex.org/W2971328993","https://openalex.org/W6675681166","https://openalex.org/W6704266894"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381850946","https://openalex.org/W4380449851","https://openalex.org/W3125091513","https://openalex.org/W4318832338","https://openalex.org/W4232403550","https://openalex.org/W623607250","https://openalex.org/W1919390113","https://openalex.org/W4245429118","https://openalex.org/W4248383205","https://openalex.org/W4205110281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,144,163],"development":[1],"of":[2,49,71,105,170,174,187],"fully":[3,177],"autonomous":[4],"vehicles":[5],"(AVs)":[6],"can":[7],"potentially":[8],"eliminate":[9],"drivers":[10],"and":[11,27,32,51,54,94,130,138,142,159,168],"introduce":[12],"unprecedented":[13],"seating":[14],"design.":[15],"However,":[16],"highly":[17,100],"flexible":[18],"seat":[19,128],"configurations":[20,186],"may":[21],"lead":[22],"to":[23,91,109,154,176,189],"occupants'":[24],"unconventional":[25],"poses":[26],"actions.":[28],"Understanding":[29],"occupant":[30,131,161],"behaviors":[31],"prioritize":[33],"safety":[34],"features":[35],"become":[36,55],"eye-catching":[37],"topics":[38],"in":[39,73],"the":[40,47,106,116,156,166,182],"AV":[41],"research":[42],"frontier.":[43],"Visual":[44],"sensors":[45],"have":[46],"advantages":[48],"cost-efficiency":[50],"high-fidelity":[52],"imaging":[53],"more":[56],"widely":[57],"applied":[58],"for":[59,68],"in-car":[60],"sensing":[61,119],"purposes.":[62],"Occlusion":[63],"is":[64,78,140],"one":[65,104],"big":[66],"concern":[67],"this":[69,111],"type":[70],"system":[72],"crowded":[74],"car":[75],"cabins.":[76],"It":[77],"important":[79],"but":[80],"largely":[81],"unknown":[82],"about":[83],"how":[84],"a":[85,122,171],"visual-sensing":[86],"framework":[87,120],"will":[88],"look":[89],"like":[90],"support":[92],"2-D":[93],"3-D":[95],"human":[96],"pose":[97],"tracking":[98],"towards":[99],"configurable":[101],"seats.":[102,191],"As":[103],"first":[107],"studies":[108],"touch":[110],"topic,":[112],"we":[113],"peek":[114],"into":[115],"future":[117],"camera-based":[118],"via":[121],"simulation":[123],"experiment.":[124],"Constructed":[125],"representative":[126],"car-cabin,":[127],"layouts,":[129],"sizes,":[132],"camera":[133,157],"coverage":[134,146],"from":[135],"different":[136,172],"angles":[137],"positions":[139],"simulated":[141],"calculated.":[143],"comprehensive":[145],"data":[147],"are":[148],"synthesized":[149],"through":[150],"an":[151],"optimization":[152],"process":[153],"determine":[155],"layout":[158],"overall":[160],"coverage.":[162],"results":[164],"show":[165],"needs":[167],"design":[169],"number":[173],"cameras":[175],"or":[178],"partially":[179],"cover":[180],"all":[181],"occupants":[183],"with":[184],"changeable":[185],"up":[188],"six":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
