{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210905714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564396","title":"Drone-based Generation of Sensor Reference and Training Data for Highly Automated Vehicles","display_name":"Drone-based Generation of Sensor Reference and Training Data for Highly Automated Vehicles","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210905714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564396","mag":"3210905714"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564396","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088996503","display_name":"Robert Krajewski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Krajewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research area Vehicle Intelligence & Automated Driving, Institute for Automotive Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research area Vehicle Intelligence & Automated Driving, Institute for Automotive Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060530921","display_name":"Lennart Vater","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lennart Vater","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research area Vehicle Intelligence & Automated Driving, Institute for Automotive Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research area Vehicle Intelligence & Automated Driving, Institute for Automotive Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065440334","display_name":"Marvin Klimke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2647-9673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin Klimke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research area Vehicle Intelligence & Automated Driving, Institute for Automotive Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research area Vehicle Intelligence & Automated Driving, Institute for Automotive Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027341008","display_name":"Tobias Moers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107946","display_name":"Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen Aachen (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01n42m123","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107946"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Moers","raw_affiliation_strings":["fka GmbH,Automated Driving Department,Aachen,Germany,52074"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"fka GmbH,Automated Driving Department,Aachen,Germany,52074","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066077246","display_name":"Julian Bock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107946","display_name":"Forschungsgesellschaft Kraftfahrwesen Aachen (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01n42m123","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107946"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Bock","raw_affiliation_strings":["fka GmbH,Automated Driving Department,Aachen,Germany,52074"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"fka GmbH,Automated Driving Department,Aachen,Germany,52074","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113050304","display_name":"Lutz Eckstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6953-3855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lutz Eckstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research area Vehicle Intelligence & Automated Driving, Institute for Automotive Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research area Vehicle Intelligence & Automated Driving, Institute for Automotive Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.604078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3067","last_page":"3074"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.8275368213653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8061951398849487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6677024960517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5707075595855713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4914494752883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.47476649284362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44211119413375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.42783883213996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4128879904747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.1889481246471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.14201709628105164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.8275368213653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8061951398849487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6677024960517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5707075595855713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4914494752883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.47476649284362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44211119413375854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.42783883213996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4128879904747009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.1889481246471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.14201709628105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc48978.2021.9564396","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W177652228","https://openalex.org/W2004999149","https://openalex.org/W2094227853","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2889565677","https://openalex.org/W2896642734","https://openalex.org/W2968296999","https://openalex.org/W2976534600","https://openalex.org/W2980087597","https://openalex.org/W3002342835","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3081605498","https://openalex.org/W3082897186","https://openalex.org/W3114563362","https://openalex.org/W3118240751","https://openalex.org/W3119039271","https://openalex.org/W3133037048","https://openalex.org/W3163540011","https://openalex.org/W3176888779","https://openalex.org/W3193167615","https://openalex.org/W6754937797","https://openalex.org/W6769782826","https://openalex.org/W6773347499","https://openalex.org/W6788123894","https://openalex.org/W6788173084","https://openalex.org/W6795460487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W4379143281","https://openalex.org/W2605096541","https://openalex.org/W3200286695","https://openalex.org/W4212885606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Highly":[0],"automated":[1],"vehicles":[2],"require":[3],"complex":[4],"sensor":[5,24,33,91],"systems":[6,25],"to":[7,36,47,60,83,157],"accurately":[8],"perceive":[9],"their":[10],"environment":[11],"and":[12,42,102,126,133],"safely":[13],"reach":[14],"a":[15,29,80,90,96,107,146,200],"destination.":[16],"To":[17],"achieve":[18],"the":[19,37,69,75,118,134,137,143,159,167,170,173,187],"necessary":[20,46],"perception":[21],"quality,":[22],"these":[23,62,85],"typically":[26],"consist":[27],"of":[28,31,51,136,145,169],"combination":[30],"several":[32],"types.":[34],"Due":[35],"resulting":[38],"complexity":[39],"in":[40,71,99,186],"hardware":[41],"software,":[43],"it":[44],"is":[45],"use":[48],"large":[49],"amounts":[50],"highly":[52],"accurate":[53],"reference":[54,112],"data":[55,63,113,139],"for":[56,176,196],"evaluation.":[57],"Previous":[58],"approaches":[59],"generate":[61],"(e.g.":[64],"RTK-GNSS-INS)":[65],"are":[66],"limited":[67],"regarding":[68],"applicability":[70],"real":[72,100],"traffic":[73,101],"or":[74],"achievable":[76],"accuracy.":[77],"We":[78,128],"present":[79],"drone-based":[81],"approach":[82,132],"circumvent":[84],"problems.":[86],"A":[87],"drone":[88],"follows":[89],"system":[92,160],"under":[93],"test":[94,97],"on":[95,199],"vehicle":[98],"captures":[103],"its":[104],"surroundings":[105],"using":[106,121],"camera.":[108],"After":[109],"spatio-temporal":[110],"synchronization,":[111],"can":[114,153],"be":[115,155],"generated":[116],"from":[117],"camera":[119],"imagery":[120],"deep":[122],"learning-based":[123],"object":[124],"detection":[125,150],"tracking.":[127],"show":[129],"that":[130],"this":[131],"quality":[135],"derived":[138],"not":[140],"only":[141],"allows":[142],"evaluation":[144],"LiDAR-based":[147],"road":[148],"user":[149],"system,":[151],"but":[152],"also":[154],"used":[156,162],"improve":[158],"if":[161],"as":[163],"training":[164],"data.":[165],"Within":[166],"scope":[168],"conducted":[171],"experiments,":[172],"average":[174],"precision":[175],"cars":[177],"was":[178],"improved":[179],"by":[180,192],"30":[181],"percentage":[182],"points,":[183],"which":[184],"resulted":[185],"false":[188],"negative":[189],"rate":[190],"reduction":[191],"more":[193],"than":[194],"60%":[195],"midrange":[197],"distances":[198],"selected":[201],"route.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}