{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3088216226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294367","title":"Benchmarking Automotive LiDAR Performance in Arctic Conditions","display_name":"Benchmarking Automotive LiDAR Performance in Arctic Conditions","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3088216226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294367","mag":"3088216226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294367","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294367","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058431129","display_name":"Matti Kutila","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Kutila","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022751429","display_name":"Pasi Pyyk\u00f6nen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pasi Pyykonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079779876","display_name":"Maria Jokela","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Jokela","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu 4, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083004170","display_name":"Tobias Gruber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6008-1397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Gruber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, Ulm, Germany","Mercedes-Benz AG, Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 11, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz AG, Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 11, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039123611","display_name":"Mario Bijelic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-9833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Bijelic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, Ulm, Germany","Mercedes-Benz AG, Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 11, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 41, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz AG, Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 11, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103937735","display_name":"Werner Ritter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332474105","display_name":"Mercedes-Benz (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055rn2a38","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Werner Ritter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mercedes-Benz AG, Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 11, Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mercedes-Benz AG, Wilhelm-Runge-Str. 11, Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332474105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94450736,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12696","display_name":"Icing and De-icing Technologies","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.8888838887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.8201819658279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.6520034074783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.6504067778587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5762054920196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.5735326409339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5360029339790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48843780159950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-arctic","display_name":"The arctic","score":0.48124241828918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4522921144962311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.41045230627059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3888181447982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3203994035720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18672680854797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16364723443984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.15875184535980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1168137788772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10215151309967041}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.8888838887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8201819658279419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.6520034074783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.6504067778587341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5762054920196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.5735326409339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5360029339790344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48843780159950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018378255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"The arctic","level":2,"score":0.48124241828918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4522921144962311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.41045230627059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3888181447982788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3203994035720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18672680854797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16364723443984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.15875184535980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1168137788772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10215151309967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294367","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294367","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521564387","https://openalex.org/W1965100021","https://openalex.org/W1967991825","https://openalex.org/W2043813904","https://openalex.org/W2081990173","https://openalex.org/W2085857887","https://openalex.org/W2087019298","https://openalex.org/W2129577383","https://openalex.org/W2132476535","https://openalex.org/W2145728184","https://openalex.org/W2315839554","https://openalex.org/W2473201566","https://openalex.org/W2481781603","https://openalex.org/W2563763605","https://openalex.org/W2565558192","https://openalex.org/W2566195139","https://openalex.org/W2593868589","https://openalex.org/W2768673593","https://openalex.org/W2885745090","https://openalex.org/W2897876743","https://openalex.org/W2900860600","https://openalex.org/W2921469264","https://openalex.org/W2955181123","https://openalex.org/W2977461652","https://openalex.org/W3098452673","https://openalex.org/W4213224356","https://openalex.org/W6671141901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2341842940","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W4293094720","https://openalex.org/W2739701376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"shows":[2],"and":[3,24,51,68,99,117,125],"analyzes":[4],"the":[5,47,74,86,96,104,123,128,132],"LiDAR":[6,34,76],"performance":[7,80,124,133],"in":[8,14,27,46,65,82,119],"real-world":[9],"heavy":[10],"winter":[11],"conditions":[12],"captured":[13],"Northern":[15],"Europe.":[16],"We":[17,71,111],"review":[18],"how":[19,127],"low":[20],"temperatures,":[21],"salted":[22],"roads":[23],"turbulent":[25],"snow":[26],"front":[28],"of":[29,49,61,85,95],"a":[30,58],"passenger":[31],"car":[32],"influence":[33],"systems":[35],"developed":[36],"for":[37,53],"automated":[38],"driving":[39],"functions.":[40],"Two":[41],"test":[42],"cars":[43],"were":[44,100],"driven":[45],"north":[48],"Finland":[50],"Sweden":[52],"1.5":[54],"weeks":[55],"to":[56,121],"gather":[57],"large":[59],"amount":[60],"point":[62],"cloud":[63],"data":[64],"different":[66],"urban":[67],"rural":[69],"scenarios.":[70],"show":[72],"that":[73],"benchmarked":[75],"sensors":[77,87,107],"have":[78],"surprising":[79],"differences":[81],"winter.":[83],"Some":[84],"got":[88],"mechanically":[89],"frozen":[90],"whereas":[91],"others":[92],"went":[93],"out":[94],"measurement":[97],"range":[98],"completely":[101],"blind.":[102],"Especially":[103],"latest":[105],"multi-layer":[106],"showed":[108],"significant":[109],"problems.":[110],"propose":[112],"countermeasures":[113],"such":[114],"as":[115],"heating":[116],"protecting":[118],"order":[120],"improve":[122],"suggest":[126],"software":[129],"can":[130],"take":[131],"degradation":[134],"into":[135],"account.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}