{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116711867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294334","title":"Eve, You Shall Not Get Access! A Cyber-Physical Blockchain Architecture for Electronic Toll Collection Security","display_name":"Eve, You Shall Not Get Access! A Cyber-Physical Blockchain Architecture for Electronic Toll Collection Security","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116711867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294334","mag":"3116711867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12210/57399","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035938905","display_name":"Ahmed Didouh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-4822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123471","display_name":"Institut d'\u00e9lectronique de micro\u00e9lectronique et de nanotechnologie","ror":"https://ror.org/02q4res37","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I137614889","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3132279224","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4210123471","https://openalex.org/I4387154098","https://openalex.org/I70348806","https://openalex.org/I70348806","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["CN","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Didouh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E9; polytechnique haut de France,Department of Institute of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology Electronics","Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - D\u00e9partement Opto-Acousto-\u00c9lectronique - UMR 8520","COMmunications NUM\u00e9riques - IEMN","Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; polytechnique haut de France,Department of Institute of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology Electronics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - D\u00e9partement Opto-Acousto-\u00c9lectronique - UMR 8520","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMmunications NUM\u00e9riques - IEMN","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083668079","display_name":"Anthony Bahadir Lopez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6571-829X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Bahadir Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Irvine,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,United States","University of California Irvine, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Irvine,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791","https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Irvine, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051015332","display_name":"Yassin El Hillali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3980-9902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123471","display_name":"Institut d'\u00e9lectronique de micro\u00e9lectronique et de nanotechnologie","ror":"https://ror.org/02q4res37","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I137614889","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3132279224","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4210123471","https://openalex.org/I4387154098","https://openalex.org/I70348806","https://openalex.org/I70348806","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["CN","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yassin El Hillali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E9; polytechnique haut de France,Department of Institute of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology Electronics","Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520","COMmunications NUM\u00e9riques - IEMN","Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - D\u00e9partement Opto-Acousto-\u00c9lectronique - UMR 8520"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; polytechnique haut de France,Department of Institute of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology Electronics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMmunications NUM\u00e9riques - IEMN","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - D\u00e9partement Opto-Acousto-\u00c9lectronique - UMR 8520","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088265421","display_name":"Atika Rivenq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6145-8475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28221208","display_name":"Institut National des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es de Rennes","ror":"https://ror.org/04xaa4j22","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28221208"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123471","display_name":"Institut d'\u00e9lectronique de micro\u00e9lectronique et de nanotechnologie","ror":"https://ror.org/02q4res37","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I137614889","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3132279224","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4210123471","https://openalex.org/I4387154098","https://openalex.org/I70348806","https://openalex.org/I70348806","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154098","display_name":"INSA Hauts-de-France","ror":"https://ror.org/041rsh762","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154098","https://openalex.org/I70348806"]}],"countries":["CN","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atika Rivenq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E9; polytechnique haut de France,Department of Institute of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology Electronics","COMmunications NUM\u00e9riques - IEMN","Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - D\u00e9partement Opto-Acousto-\u00c9lectronique - UMR 8520","INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es Hauts-de-France","Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E9; polytechnique haut de France,Department of Institute of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology Electronics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMmunications NUM\u00e9riques - IEMN","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - D\u00e9partement Opto-Acousto-\u00c9lectronique - UMR 8520","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliqu\u00e9es Hauts-de-France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28221208","https://openalex.org/I4387154098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut d\u2019\u00c9lectronique, de Micro\u00e9lectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055814180","display_name":"Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-0497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Irvine,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,United States","University of California Irvine, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Irvine,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791","https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Irvine, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7653658390045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7616242170333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-toll-collection","display_name":"Electronic toll collection","score":0.756001353263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6316120624542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5586204528808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5076128244400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4903690814971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4578207731246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4570351839065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.4560144245624542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mac-address","display_name":"MAC address","score":0.42880770564079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toll","display_name":"Toll","score":0.22214248776435852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12166327238082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11535078287124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7653658390045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7616242170333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522513456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191337","display_name":"Electronic toll collection","level":3,"score":0.756001353263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6316120624542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5586204528808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5076128244400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4903690814971924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4578207731246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4570351839065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.4560144245624542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777321455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20484","display_name":"MAC address","level":2,"score":0.42880770564079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778025104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll","level":2,"score":0.22214248776435852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12166327238082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11535078287124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294334","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03360239v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03360239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"23rd IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITSC 2020, Sep 2020, Rhodes, Greece. pp.1-7, &#x27E8;10.1109/ITSC45102.2020.9294334&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lilloa.univ-lille.fr:20.500.12210/57399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12210/57399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402203","display_name":"LillOA (Universit\u00e9 de Lille (University Of Lille))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210123514","host_organization_name":"Centre d'Etudes en Civilisations, Langues et Litt\u00e9ratures Etrang\u00e8res","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123514"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lilloa.univ-lille.fr:20.500.12210/57399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12210/57399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402203","display_name":"LillOA (Universit\u00e9 de Lille (University Of Lille))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210123514","host_organization_name":"Centre d'Etudes en Civilisations, Langues et Litt\u00e9ratures Etrang\u00e8res","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123514"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985719683","https://openalex.org/W2077212327","https://openalex.org/W2147992895","https://openalex.org/W2290426788","https://openalex.org/W2405633850","https://openalex.org/W2729396025","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2803109435","https://openalex.org/W2923933406","https://openalex.org/W2968435838","https://openalex.org/W2975720376","https://openalex.org/W3124779861","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387799680","https://openalex.org/W4308237908","https://openalex.org/W2253673607","https://openalex.org/W4220855953","https://openalex.org/W2064724281","https://openalex.org/W4280534995","https://openalex.org/W1997099533","https://openalex.org/W2101856154","https://openalex.org/W2361101593","https://openalex.org/W2186628863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cooperative":[0],"intelligent":[1],"transportation":[2],"system":[3],"(C-ITS)":[4],"applications":[5],"are":[6],"generally":[7],"susceptible":[8],"to":[9,20,35,98,157,190],"position":[10,38],"spoofing-dependent":[11],"attacks":[12,18],"such":[13,92],"as":[14,93],"Sybil":[15],"and":[16,62,95,120,161,170],"DDoS":[17],"due":[19],"a":[21,29,66,103],"lack":[22],"of":[23,60,69,102,175,181],"established":[24],"solutions.":[25],"This":[26],"paper":[27],"presents":[28],"novel":[30],"cyber-physical":[31],"blockchain":[32,89],"cryptographic":[33],"architecture":[34,75,185],"help":[36],"prevent":[37],"spoofing":[39],"attackers":[40],"from":[41,144],"becoming":[42],"validated":[43],"nodes":[44],"in":[45,58,86,109,172,193],"C-ITS":[46],"applications.":[47],"The":[48],"solution":[49,108,154],"also":[50,187],"guarantees":[51],"security":[52],"requirements":[53],"including":[54],"the":[55,100,126,134,173,183],"non-trivial":[56],"non-repudiation":[57],"light":[59,180],"these":[61],"other":[63],"attacks.":[64],"With":[65],"use":[67],"case":[68],"electronic":[70],"toll":[71],"collection":[72],"(ETC),":[73],"our":[74,107,141,153],"implements":[76],"techniques":[77],"based":[78],"on":[79],"Received":[80],"Signal":[81],"Strength":[82],"Indication":[83],"(RSSI)":[84],"measurements":[85],"conjunction":[87],"with":[88,125,130,159],"authentication":[90],"methods":[91],"Proof-of-Location":[94],"smart":[96],"contracts":[97],"determine":[99],"legitimacy":[101],"node.":[104],"We":[105],"demonstrate":[106],"experiments":[110],"using":[111],"ITS-G5":[112],"Cohda":[113],"Wireless":[114],"technology":[115],"(a":[116],"Road":[117],"Side":[118],"Unit":[119],"two":[121],"On-Board":[122],"Units":[123],"programmed":[124],"ITS":[127],"Vanetza":[128],"stack)":[129],"functionalities":[131],"specified":[132],"by":[133],"European":[135],"Telecommunications":[136],"Standardization":[137],"Institute":[138],"(ETSI).":[139],"From":[140],"experimental":[142],"results":[143],"several":[145],"driving-based":[146],"data":[147],"gathering":[148],"tests,":[149],"we":[150],"discovered":[151],"that":[152],"is":[155],"able":[156],"cope":[158],"noise":[160],"relative":[162],"velocity":[163],"challenges":[164],"because":[165],"it":[166],"incorporates":[167],"both":[168],"OBUs":[169],"RSUs":[171],"Proof":[174],"Location":[176],"computation":[177],"steps.":[178],"In":[179],"this,":[182],"proposed":[184],"may":[186],"be":[188],"applicable":[189],"govern":[191],"V2X":[192],"general.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
