{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2991108657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2019.8917272","title":"A System for Image-Based Non-Line-Of-Sight Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"A System for Image-Based Non-Line-Of-Sight Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2991108657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2019.8917272","mag":"2991108657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2019.8917272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2019.8917272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8917272&isnumber=8916833","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082176443","display_name":"Clarissa B\u00f6ker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clarissa Boker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany","DLR Institute of Transportation Systems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DLR Institute of Transportation Systems","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051883345","display_name":"Joshua Niemeijer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2417-8749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Niemeijer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany","DLR Institute of Transportation Systems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DLR Institute of Transportation Systems","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083165697","display_name":"Nicolai Wojke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolai Wojke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany","DLR Institute of Transportation Systems"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DLR Institute of Transportation Systems","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020953020","display_name":"Cyril Meurie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9659-0639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111949","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Ing\u00e9nierie Circulation Transports","ror":"https://ror.org/02ahzca76","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111949","https://openalex.org/I4210154111","https://openalex.org/I4210166914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59807433","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Lille Nord de France","ror":"https://ror.org/03btvgn05","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59807433"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyril Meurie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ Lille Nord de France, France","Laboratoire \u00c9lectronique Ondes et Signaux pour les Transports"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Lille Nord de France, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59807433","https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire \u00c9lectronique Ondes et Signaux pour les Transports","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111949"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031271526","display_name":"Yann Cocheril","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-7058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111949","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Ing\u00e9nierie Circulation Transports","ror":"https://ror.org/02ahzca76","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111949","https://openalex.org/I4210154111","https://openalex.org/I4210166914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59807433","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Lille Nord de France","ror":"https://ror.org/03btvgn05","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59807433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yann Cocheril","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ Lille Nord de France, France","Laboratoire \u00c9lectronique Ondes et Signaux pour les Transports"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ Lille Nord de France, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59807433","https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire \u00c9lectronique Ondes et Signaux pour les Transports","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111949"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082176443"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4148,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67877997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"535","last_page":"540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.813853919506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7673840522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7492876052856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6273034811019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.592054009437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.57381272315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky","display_name":"Sky","score":0.5644637942314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5208454728126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.48627912998199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.4856192171573639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48205670714378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4589352309703827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3913700580596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3286653459072113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.19760921597480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1704534888267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16445866227149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15388983488082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11097994446754456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.813853919506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7673840522766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7492876052856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6273034811019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.592054009437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.57381272315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.5644637942314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5208454728126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.48627912998199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.4856192171573639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48205670714378357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4589352309703827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3913700580596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3286653459072113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.19760921597480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1704534888267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16445866227149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15388983488082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11097994446754456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2019.8917272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2019.8917272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-02962902v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-02962902","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ITSC 2019, IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, Oct 2019, Auckland, France. pp535-540, &#x27E8;10.1109/ITSC.2019.8917272&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Conference papers"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:130942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8917272&isnumber=8916833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzbeitrag"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:130942","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8917272&isnumber=8916833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzbeitrag"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968849412","https://openalex.org/W2070933692","https://openalex.org/W2075403247","https://openalex.org/W2076367212","https://openalex.org/W2087016980","https://openalex.org/W2099343826","https://openalex.org/W2124216931","https://openalex.org/W2130788112","https://openalex.org/W2141266663","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2171254182","https://openalex.org/W2384132967","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2507296351","https://openalex.org/W2624995035","https://openalex.org/W2737258237","https://openalex.org/W2741141082","https://openalex.org/W2785523195","https://openalex.org/W2949341804","https://openalex.org/W2952793010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W3098698552","https://openalex.org/W6724670942","https://openalex.org/W6739006068","https://openalex.org/W6747620207"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3044810324","https://openalex.org/W2092316940","https://openalex.org/W2606296569","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2068158190","https://openalex.org/W2916802843","https://openalex.org/W2064660797","https://openalex.org/W4387714868","https://openalex.org/W20579766","https://openalex.org/W2601478304"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,140],"ERSAT":[1],"GGC":[2],"project":[3],"introduces":[4],"the":[5,27,58,64,69,76,79,91,106,111,123,126,129,133,150,155,159,173,180],"concept":[6,24],"of":[7,19,29,60,94,108,128,143,172,179],"virtual":[8,44],"balises":[9,45],"for":[10,176],"train":[11,30,80,130],"localization,":[12],"which":[13],"avoids":[14],"investment":[15],"and":[16,75,131,137],"maintenance":[17],"costs":[18],"physical":[20],"balises.":[21],"Since":[22],"this":[23,97],"relies":[25],"on":[26,42,78],"matching":[28],"positions":[31,34],"to":[32,57,102],"balise":[33],"stored":[35],"in":[36,46,88,166],"a":[37,73,100,115,162,167,177],"database,":[38],"it":[39],"is":[40,63,81,118,146,164],"dependent":[41],"placing":[43],"track":[47,186],"areas":[48],"with":[49],"unimpeded":[50],"GNSS":[51,61,95,181],"reception.":[52],"One":[53],"factor":[54],"majorly":[55],"contributing":[56],"distortion":[59],"signals":[62],"non-line-of-sight":[65],"(NLOS)":[66],"scenario":[67],"where":[68],"direct":[70],"path":[71],"between":[72],"satellite":[74,152,163],"receiver":[77],"blocked.":[82],"As":[83],"these":[84],"NLOS":[85],"situations":[86],"result":[87],"deflections":[89],"or":[90,169],"total":[92],"absence":[93],"signals,":[96],"paper":[98],"proposes":[99],"system":[101],"identify":[103],"obstacles":[104],"occluding":[105],"visibility":[107],"satellites":[109,145],"above":[110],"tracks":[112],"traversed":[113],"by":[114,120],"train.":[116],"This":[117],"achieved":[119],"video":[121],"recording":[122],"sky":[124,136,168],"from":[125],"roof":[127],"segmenting":[132],"images":[134],"into":[135,154],"non-sky":[138,170],"regions.":[139],"line-of-sight":[141],"status":[142],"individual":[144],"found":[147],"through":[148],"projecting":[149],"known":[151],"locations":[153],"segmented":[156],"images.":[157],"Consequently,":[158],"information":[160],"whether":[161],"located":[165],"segment":[171],"image":[174],"allows":[175],"determination":[178],"performance":[182],"at":[183],"any":[184],"observed":[185],"area.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
