{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905481928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569945","title":"Architecting Safety Supervisors for High Levels of Automated Driving","display_name":"Architecting Safety Supervisors for High Levels of Automated Driving","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905481928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569945","mag":"2905481928"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.02796","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065527926","display_name":"Martin T\u00f6rngren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4300-885X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Torngren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100672007","display_name":"Xinhai Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068092292","display_name":"Naveen Mohan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9314-545X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveen Mohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051286450","display_name":"Matthias Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-3609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Embedded Systems, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Embedded Systems, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036609304","display_name":"Lars E.O. Svensson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6492-1966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Svensson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101799342","display_name":"Xin Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7933-039X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025597557","display_name":"DeJiu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7048-0108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De-Jiu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002615199","display_name":"Jonas Westman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9655-7326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Westman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, Kungliga Tekniska H\u00f6gskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065527926"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8900177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1721","last_page":"1728"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervisor","display_name":"Supervisor","score":0.8080953359603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6163627505302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5196108222007751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-safety","display_name":"Functional safety","score":0.5143807530403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.458184152841568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.45594534277915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43469375371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-assurance","display_name":"Safety assurance","score":0.4251979887485504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.41021305322647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3613033890724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.33771997690200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2832041382789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.26029878854751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.11124145984649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.09511938691139221}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779110517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240788","display_name":"Supervisor","level":2,"score":0.8080953359603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6163627505302429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5196108222007751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148493468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2646951","display_name":"Functional safety","level":2,"score":0.5143807530403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.458184152841568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.45594534277915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43469375371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112805685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10566551","display_name":"Safety assurance","level":2,"score":0.4251979887485504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.41021305322647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3613033890724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33771997690200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2832041382789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.26029878854751587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.11124145984649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.09511938691139221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780899","display_name":"Complementation","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1912.02796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02796","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.02796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-235189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1912.02796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.02796","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.02796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W642120166","https://openalex.org/W1533733553","https://openalex.org/W1553285951","https://openalex.org/W1570153265","https://openalex.org/W2037599560","https://openalex.org/W2097545165","https://openalex.org/W2126495607","https://openalex.org/W2145071552","https://openalex.org/W2156093990","https://openalex.org/W2209541064","https://openalex.org/W2301048433","https://openalex.org/W2328067583","https://openalex.org/W2410282114","https://openalex.org/W2470448410","https://openalex.org/W2561065014","https://openalex.org/W2576845151","https://openalex.org/W2620046774","https://openalex.org/W2625110401","https://openalex.org/W2741859468","https://openalex.org/W2744030965","https://openalex.org/W2761539465","https://openalex.org/W2796163371","https://openalex.org/W2799593400","https://openalex.org/W2810016625","https://openalex.org/W3103657537","https://openalex.org/W4233705442","https://openalex.org/W4235758371","https://openalex.org/W4245587674","https://openalex.org/W6742507076","https://openalex.org/W6751007135"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016459326","https://openalex.org/W2358743281","https://openalex.org/W2083030475","https://openalex.org/W2959705507","https://openalex.org/W2239809351","https://openalex.org/W2102330754","https://openalex.org/W4225988977","https://openalex.org/W2903094435","https://openalex.org/W3080710594","https://openalex.org/W2000531348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"complexity":[1],"of":[2,15,32,55,73,78],"automated":[3,33],"driving":[4],"poses":[5],"challenges":[6],"for":[7,29,95],"providing":[8],"safety":[9,39,65],"assurance.":[10],"Focusing":[11],"on":[12],"the":[13,22,43,71,76,81,85],"architecting":[14],"an":[16],"Autonomous":[17],"Driving":[18],"Intelligence":[19],"(ADI),":[20],"i.e.":[21],"computational":[23],"intelligence,":[24],"sensors":[25],"and":[26,51,63,83],"communication":[27],"needed":[28],"high":[30],"levels":[31],"driving,":[34],"we":[35],"investigate":[36],"so":[37],"called":[38],"supervisors":[40],"that":[41,59],"complement":[42],"nominal":[44,62],"functionality.":[45],"We":[46,68,90],"present":[47],"a":[48,52,56,61,64],"problem":[49],"formulation":[50],"functional":[53],"architecture":[54],"fault-tolerant":[57],"ADI":[58],"encompasses":[60],"supervisor":[66,86],"channel.":[67],"then":[69],"discuss":[70],"sources":[72],"hazardous":[74],"events,":[75],"division":[77],"responsibilities":[79],"among":[80],"channels,":[82],"when":[84],"should":[87],"take":[88],"over.":[89],"conclude":[91],"with":[92],"identified":[93],"directions":[94],"further":[96],"work.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}