{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800766755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569670","title":"Deep 2.5D Vehicle Classification with Sparse SfM Depth Prior for Automated Toll Systems","display_name":"Deep 2.5D Vehicle Classification with Sparse SfM Depth Prior for Automated Toll Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800766755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569670","mag":"2800766755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569670","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.03511","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078850158","display_name":"Georg Waltner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georg Waltner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103173206","display_name":"Michael Maurer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7857-8721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Maurer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110473468","display_name":"Thomas Holzmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Holzmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006044231","display_name":"Patrick Ruprecht","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Ruprecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071495978","display_name":"Michael Opitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6218-6723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Opitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039382695","display_name":"Horst Possegger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5427-9938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Horst Possegger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068079834","display_name":"Friedrich Fraundorfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-8892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friedrich Fraundorfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011359067","display_name":"Horst Bischof","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9096-6671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Horst Bischof","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz, 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078850158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03570468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3212","last_page":"3217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.802452802658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7262098789215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6763959527015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6705905795097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5682665109634399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5617043972015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49413588643074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4786226153373718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4653030037879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.446821391582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4380181133747101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4224599599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toll","display_name":"Toll","score":0.421450674533844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08601182699203491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.802452802658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7262098789215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6763959527015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6705905795097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5682665109634399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5617043972015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49413588643074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4786226153373718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4653030037879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.446821391582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4380181133747101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4224599599838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778025104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll","level":2,"score":0.421450674533844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08601182699203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569670","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1805.03511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.03511","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.03511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2800766755","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1805.03511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1805.03511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.03511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1805.03511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.03511","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.03511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/028jc0449"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2800766755.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2800766755.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197865394","https://openalex.org/W1644641054","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2109635530","https://openalex.org/W2119605622","https://openalex.org/W2124313187","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2168828451","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2211722331","https://openalex.org/W2321237391","https://openalex.org/W2328987086","https://openalex.org/W2525157777","https://openalex.org/W2556802233","https://openalex.org/W2560609797","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2952789225","https://openalex.org/W2963121255","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6678941962","https://openalex.org/W6700250969","https://openalex.org/W6701964611","https://openalex.org/W6703933998","https://openalex.org/W6727408574","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6763422710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962947755","https://openalex.org/W3004287531","https://openalex.org/W2605462541","https://openalex.org/W3042262679","https://openalex.org/W2772661742","https://openalex.org/W2899328834","https://openalex.org/W3006205814","https://openalex.org/W3174688521","https://openalex.org/W2963537932","https://openalex.org/W2920064193","https://openalex.org/W2970900867","https://openalex.org/W2989427693","https://openalex.org/W3143279913","https://openalex.org/W2982552333","https://openalex.org/W2894865236","https://openalex.org/W3135457630","https://openalex.org/W2887630154","https://openalex.org/W2768185495","https://openalex.org/W3206465089","https://openalex.org/W3120743815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"toll":[1],"systems":[2],"rely":[3],"on":[4,137],"proper":[5],"classification":[6,20,136,160],"of":[7,24,63,146],"the":[8,16,25,31,36,91,95,99,144,147,153,163],"passing":[9],"vehicles.":[10],"This":[11],"is":[12],"especially":[13],"difficult":[14],"when":[15,53],"images":[17,156],"used":[18],"for":[19,57,69,159],"only":[21,152],"cover":[22],"parts":[23],"vehicle.":[26,33],"To":[27],"obtain":[28],"information":[29,45],"about":[30],"whole":[32],"we":[34,89],"reconstruct":[35],"vehicle":[37],"as":[38,118],"3D":[39,58,65,92],"object":[40,59,93],"and":[41],"exploit":[42],"this":[43,107,126],"additional":[44],"within":[46,111],"a":[47,119,138],"Convolutional":[48],"Neural":[49],"Network":[50],"(CNN).":[51],"However,":[52],"using":[54,98],"deep":[55],"networks":[56],"classification,":[60],"large":[61],"amounts":[62],"dense":[64],"models":[66],"are":[67,73,157],"required":[68,158],"good":[70],"accuracy,":[71],"which":[72,161],"often":[74],"neither":[75],"available":[76],"nor":[77],"feasible":[78],"to":[79,82,130,134,143],"process":[80],"due":[81,142],"memory":[83],"requirements.":[84],"Therefore,":[85],"in":[86,165],"our":[87],"method":[88],"reproject":[90],"onto":[94],"image":[96],"plane":[97],"reconstructed":[100],"points,":[101],"lines":[102],"or":[103],"both.":[104],"We":[105,123],"utilize":[106],"sparse":[108],"depth":[109],"prior":[110],"an":[112],"auxiliary":[113,127],"network":[114],"branch":[115],"that":[116,125],"acts":[117],"regularizer":[120,128],"during":[121],"training.":[122],"show":[124],"helps":[129],"improve":[131],"accuracy":[132],"compared":[133],"2D":[135,154],"real-world":[139],"dataset.":[140],"Furthermore":[141],"design":[145],"network,":[148],"at":[149],"test":[150],"time":[151],"camera":[155],"enables":[162],"usage":[164],"portable":[166],"computer":[167],"vision":[168],"systems.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}