{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904995056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569467","title":"Driver State Monitoring with Hierarchical Classification","display_name":"Driver State Monitoring with Hierarchical Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904995056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569467","mag":"2904995056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569467","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060805066","display_name":"Patrick Weyers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Weyers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wuppertal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wuppertal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077564057","display_name":"Alexander Barth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-5997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130520","display_name":"Aptiv (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/039sb8791","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107152","https://openalex.org/I4210130520"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Barth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aptiv Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aptiv Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130520"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080666933","display_name":"Anton Kummert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0282-5087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Kummert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wuppertal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wuppertal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3239","last_page":"3244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6649523973464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6547155976295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6263371109962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steering-wheel","display_name":"Steering wheel","score":0.5671889781951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5259431004524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5010967254638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.4439193904399872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.4153091609477997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36822864413261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3400750160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.336322546005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3272356688976288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29241490364074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.20580309629440308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6649523973464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6547155976295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6263371109962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780354894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679300","display_name":"Steering wheel","level":2,"score":0.5671889781951904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5259431004524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5010967254638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.4439193904399872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.4153091609477997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36822864413261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3400750160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.336322546005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3272356688976288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29241490364074707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.20580309629440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569467","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1910192750","https://openalex.org/W1959000896","https://openalex.org/W1978962787","https://openalex.org/W2000933360","https://openalex.org/W2014566476","https://openalex.org/W2052604480","https://openalex.org/W2105174503","https://openalex.org/W2127842962","https://openalex.org/W2132565621","https://openalex.org/W2150463764","https://openalex.org/W2150766729","https://openalex.org/W2152264487","https://openalex.org/W2241149634","https://openalex.org/W2271752935","https://openalex.org/W2324736398","https://openalex.org/W2486323017","https://openalex.org/W2533823693","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2579937995","https://openalex.org/W2592810172","https://openalex.org/W2595203562","https://openalex.org/W2729689689","https://openalex.org/W2741922652","https://openalex.org/W2753276755","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W4298947612","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6690524547","https://openalex.org/W6694010910","https://openalex.org/W6740710302","https://openalex.org/W6744004060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282043467","https://openalex.org/W2105697914","https://openalex.org/W3093197249","https://openalex.org/W1968324288","https://openalex.org/W1540010871","https://openalex.org/W3023979140","https://openalex.org/W2904068067","https://openalex.org/W1565491139","https://openalex.org/W2969770948","https://openalex.org/W3177545769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"vehicle":[1,67],"automation":[2],"increases":[3],"in":[4],"the":[5,17,39,45,60,63,107,118],"near":[6],"future":[7],"human":[8],"drivers":[9],"will":[10],"still":[11],"be":[12],"responsible":[13],"for":[14,24,29,43,138],"monitoring":[15],"of":[16,62,71,109,141],"driving":[18,144],"environment":[19],"or":[20,49],"as":[21],"a":[22,66,72,85,90,114,136],"fallback":[23,115],"critical":[25],"situations.":[26],"Thus,":[27],"systems":[28],"autonomy":[30],"levels":[31],"2":[32],"to":[33,58,123,128],"3":[34],"require":[35],"proper":[36],"knowledge":[37],"about":[38],"driver's":[40],"state":[41,61],"including,":[42],"example,":[44],"seating":[46],"position,":[47,145],"activity,":[48],"hands-on-steering-wheel":[50],"status.":[51],"We":[52,76],"introduce":[53],"an":[54,78],"interior":[55],"sensing":[56],"system":[57],"classify":[59],"driver":[64],"inside":[65,99,117],"based":[68,83],"on":[69,84,96,147],"images":[70],"single":[73],"time-of-flight":[74],"camera.":[75],"present":[77],"efficient":[79],"and":[80,89,150],"robust":[81],"approach":[82,105],"hierarchical":[86,101],"label":[87,102],"structure":[88],"cost":[91],"function":[92],"which":[93],"focuses":[94],"only":[95],"relevant":[97],"labels":[98],"this":[100],"structure.":[103],"Our":[104],"reduces":[106],"number":[108],"output":[110],"neurons":[111],"while":[112],"creating":[113],"option":[116],"classifier":[119],"simultaneously.":[120],"This":[121],"leads":[122],"improved":[124],"classification":[125],"results":[126],"compared":[127],"common":[129],"approaches.":[130],"In":[131],"our":[132],"experiments":[133],"we":[134],"demonstrate":[135],"solution":[137],"combined":[139],"assessment":[140],"seat":[142],"occupancy,":[143],"hands":[146],"steering":[148],"wheel,":[149],"driver-object":[151],"interaction.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
