{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905494073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569423","title":"Measurements revealing Challenges in Radar Sensor Modeling for Virtual Validation of Autonomous Driving","display_name":"Measurements revealing Challenges in Radar Sensor Modeling for Virtual Validation of Autonomous Driving","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905494073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569423","mag":"2905494073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569423","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069280804","display_name":"Martin Holder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3147-1230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Holder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025410387","display_name":"Philipp Rosenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-0623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Rosenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065436966","display_name":"Hermann Winner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9824-3195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hermann Winner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027799837","display_name":"Thomas D\u2019hondt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-332X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145192","display_name":"Siemens (Belgium)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w702289","country_code":"BE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210145192"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Dhondt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens Industry Software NV Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens Industry Software NV Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078828598","display_name":"Vamsi Prakash Makkapati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-6686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vamsi Prakash Makkapati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024086558","display_name":"Michael W. Maier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Maier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037296620","display_name":"Helmut Schreiber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-0813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helmut Schreiber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033254605","display_name":"Zolt\u00e1n Ferenc Magosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-0131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoltan Magosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074662700","display_name":"Zora Slavik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zora Slavik","raw_affiliation_strings":["FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074802358","display_name":"Oliver Bringmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1615-507X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Bringmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087076980","display_name":"Wolfgang Rosenstiel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143379178","display_name":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdh6x72","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Rosenstiel","raw_affiliation_strings":["FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FZI Research Center for Information Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143379178"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.89,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99708868,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2616","last_page":"2622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7511163949966431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6628437638282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.647846519947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.5893418192863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-cross-section","display_name":"Radar cross-section","score":0.5066283345222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4474746882915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.427173376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.392450749874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2863504886627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1970532238483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.13868528604507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13201186060905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11144337058067322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7511163949966431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6628437638282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.647846519947052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.5893418192863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.5066283345222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4474746882915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.427173376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.392450749874115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2863504886627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1970532238483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.13868528604507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13201186060905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11144337058067322}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2018.8569423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2018.8569423","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:117957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzver\u00f6ffentlichung"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:112804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/112804/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzver\u00f6ffentlichung"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:146127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/146127/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Konferenzver\u00f6ffentlichung"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:9277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/view/person/Holder=3AMartin_Friedrich=3A=3A.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401590","display_name":"Technischen Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W331183621","https://openalex.org/W1145183811","https://openalex.org/W1560787681","https://openalex.org/W1616182577","https://openalex.org/W2020224903","https://openalex.org/W2029751976","https://openalex.org/W2132065837","https://openalex.org/W2406943276","https://openalex.org/W2443717701","https://openalex.org/W2523958427","https://openalex.org/W2583716065","https://openalex.org/W2592680288","https://openalex.org/W2611156504","https://openalex.org/W2620946578","https://openalex.org/W2741069557","https://openalex.org/W2745093394","https://openalex.org/W2750396059","https://openalex.org/W2805571883","https://openalex.org/W2811292450","https://openalex.org/W2834772761","https://openalex.org/W2885076324","https://openalex.org/W3161042360","https://openalex.org/W4230400124","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6627447649","https://openalex.org/W6752838863","https://openalex.org/W6753069057","https://openalex.org/W6795051885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028780127","https://openalex.org/W3168129058","https://openalex.org/W2184165803","https://openalex.org/W4313855562","https://openalex.org/W2091422131","https://openalex.org/W3154381281","https://openalex.org/W2091887884","https://openalex.org/W3211830686","https://openalex.org/W2999301538","https://openalex.org/W2742737769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"virtual":[1],"validation":[2],"of":[3,11,56,71],"automated":[4],"driving":[5],"functions":[6],"requires":[7],"meaningful":[8,57,93],"simulation":[9,96],"models":[10],"environment":[12],"perception":[13,30],"sensors":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"radar,":[17],"lidar,":[18],"and":[19,33,69,87],"cameras.":[20],"There":[21],"does":[22],"not":[23],"yet":[24],"exist":[25],"an":[26],"unrivaled":[27],"standard":[28],"for":[29],"sensor":[31,59],"models,":[32],"radar":[34,58,72,95],"especially":[35],"lacks":[36],"modeling":[37],"approaches":[38],"that":[39,50],"consistently":[40],"produce":[41],"realistic":[42],"results.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"we":[47],"present":[48],"measurements":[49],"exemplify":[51],"challenges":[52,86],"in":[53],"the":[54,76],"development":[55],"models.":[60,97],"We":[61,79],"highlight":[62],"three":[63],"major":[64],"challenges:":[65],"multi-path":[66],"propagation,":[67],"separability,":[68],"sensitivity":[70],"cross":[73],"section":[74],"to":[75],"aspect":[77],"angle.":[78],"also":[80],"review":[81],"previous":[82],"work":[83],"addressing":[84],"these":[85],"suggest":[88],"further":[89],"research":[90],"directions":[91],"towards":[92],"automotive":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
