{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2563859304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2016.7795765","title":"Learning to tell brake lights with convolutional features","display_name":"Learning to tell brake lights with convolutional features","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2563859304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2016.7795765","mag":"2563859304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2016.7795765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2016.7795765","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102289927","display_name":"Guangyu Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guangyu Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian University of Technology","University of California, Merced"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Merced","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112904753","display_name":"Yi\u2010Hsuan Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Hsuan Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Merced"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Merced","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348274","display_name":"Yi-Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6537-8926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Merced"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Merced","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101986286","display_name":"Xue Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8237-1539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293612202","display_name":"Toyota Motor Corporation (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0pbv75","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293612202","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Technical Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Technical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293612202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061971606","display_name":"Danil Prokhorov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6208-4233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293612202","display_name":"Toyota Motor Corporation (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0pbv75","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293612202","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danil Prokhorov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Technical Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Technical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293612202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029831203","display_name":"Michael James","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293612202","display_name":"Toyota Motor Corporation (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p0pbv75","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293612202","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael James","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Technical Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Technical Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293612202"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418319","display_name":"Ming\u2013Hsuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4848-2304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Hsuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Merced"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Merced","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102289927"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764","https://openalex.org/I27357992"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.169,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85761995,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7981354594230652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.74470055103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake","display_name":"Brake","score":0.7283303141593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6874716281890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6017144322395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45086556673049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.44159021973609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.422243595123291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35549628734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16810423135757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.07045149803161621}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7981354594230652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.74470055103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.7283303141593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6874716281890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6017144322395325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45086556673049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.44159021973609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.422243595123291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35549628734588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16810423135757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.07045149803161621}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2016.7795765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2016.7795765","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7746136","https://openalex.org/W161114242","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1929630580","https://openalex.org/W1958236864","https://openalex.org/W1983473365","https://openalex.org/W2000215441","https://openalex.org/W2036989445","https://openalex.org/W2078783643","https://openalex.org/W2087793398","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2127782573","https://openalex.org/W2145201922","https://openalex.org/W2160642098","https://openalex.org/W2161514656","https://openalex.org/W2162762921","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2331476253","https://openalex.org/W2930233898","https://openalex.org/W6600313631","https://openalex.org/W6606595081","https://openalex.org/W6637373629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W1482209366","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W2521627374","https://openalex.org/W2981954115","https://openalex.org/W1487808658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,34],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,36],"present":[4],"a":[5,38],"learning-based":[6],"brake":[7,28,39,57],"light":[8,40,58],"classification":[9],"algorithm":[10,75],"for":[11,51],"intelligent":[12],"driver-assistance":[13],"systems.":[14],"State-of-the-art":[15],"approaches":[16],"apply":[17],"different":[18],"image":[19],"processing":[20],"techniques":[21],"with":[22],"hand-crafted":[23],"features":[24,49],"to":[25],"determine":[26],"whether":[27],"lights":[29],"are":[30],"on":[31,43],"or":[32],"off.":[33],"contrast,":[35],"learn":[37],"classifier":[41],"based":[42],"discriminative":[44],"color":[45],"descriptors":[46],"and":[47,63],"convolutional":[48],"fine-tuned":[50],"traffic":[52],"scenes.":[53,83],"We":[54],"show":[55,71],"how":[56],"regions":[59],"can":[60],"be":[61],"segmented":[62],"classified":[64],"in":[65,81],"one":[66],"framework.":[67],"Numerous":[68],"experimental":[69],"results":[70],"that":[72],"the":[73],"proposed":[74],"performs":[76],"well":[77],"against":[78],"state-of-the-art":[79],"alternatives":[80],"real-world":[82]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}