{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105272831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2011.6083075","title":"Vehicle type categorization: A comparison of classification schemes","display_name":"Vehicle type categorization: A comparison of classification schemes","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105272831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2011.6083075","mag":"2105272831"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2011.6083075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2011.6083075","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101507455","display_name":"Zezhi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-4108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205051169","display_name":"Kingston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bbqza97","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zezhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK","Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, KT1 2EE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, KT1 2EE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010679676","display_name":"Tim Ellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4618-643X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205051169","display_name":"Kingston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bbqza97","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Ellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK","Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, KT1 2EE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, KT1 2EE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000226831","display_name":"Sergio A. Velast\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6775-7137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205051169","display_name":"Kingston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bbqza97","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio A Velastin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK","Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, KT1 2EE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Imaging Research Centre, School of Computing and Information Systems, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, KT1 2EE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101507455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4295,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8974204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8012855052947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7434482574462891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette","display_name":"Silhouette","score":0.7113860845565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6760960817337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6579093933105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6057378053665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5922937989234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5372500419616699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5190918445587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5181830525398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.5046123266220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.49045249819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4546525776386261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.43549636006355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4115355610847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.41004323959350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.252041220664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18994438648223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.10627442598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10431066155433655}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8012855052947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7434482574462891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.7113860845565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6760960817337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6579093933105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6057378053665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5922937989234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5372500419616699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5190918445587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5181830525398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.5046123266220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.49045249819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4546525776386261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.43549636006355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4115355610847473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.41004323959350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.252041220664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18994438648223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.10627442598342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10431066155433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2011.6083075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2011.6083075","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.kingston.ac.uk:21514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/21514/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400991","display_name":"Research Repository (Kingston University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801636071","host_organization_name":"Kingston Hospital NHS Trust","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801636071"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311734","display_name":"Kingston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bbqza97"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1687797484","https://openalex.org/W1719450242","https://openalex.org/W1987403392","https://openalex.org/W2069426496","https://openalex.org/W2096688422","https://openalex.org/W2098735778","https://openalex.org/W2099695159","https://openalex.org/W2112954988","https://openalex.org/W2119650747","https://openalex.org/W2119860750","https://openalex.org/W2127878586","https://openalex.org/W2131087111","https://openalex.org/W2134576786","https://openalex.org/W2142318951","https://openalex.org/W2149298154","https://openalex.org/W2157641950","https://openalex.org/W2157851720","https://openalex.org/W2169419098","https://openalex.org/W2169915211","https://openalex.org/W2401168069","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W6684955264","https://openalex.org/W6712855185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1622964048","https://openalex.org/W30315714","https://openalex.org/W1965274140","https://openalex.org/W779885325","https://openalex.org/W2150972844","https://openalex.org/W2393615320","https://openalex.org/W3110435694","https://openalex.org/W1589677080","https://openalex.org/W1509533962","https://openalex.org/W3180599390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"research":[3],"to":[4,38,48,74,96],"classify":[5],"road":[6],"vehicles":[7,76],"into":[8],"a":[9,30,81,116],"range":[10],"of":[11,17,83,98,137],"broad":[12],"categories":[13],"using":[14,26,107],"simple":[15],"measures":[16],"size":[18],"and":[19,80,105,112,115],"shape":[20],"derived":[21,28],"from":[22,29,88],"view-dependent":[23],"binary":[24,90],"silhouettes":[25],"images":[27,43,79],"static":[31],"roadside":[32],"CCTV":[33,63],"camera.":[34],"A":[35,133],"novel":[36],"approach":[37],"camera":[39],"calibration":[40],"utilizes":[41],"calibrated":[42],"mapped":[44],"by":[45],"Google":[46],"Earth":[47],"provide":[49],"accurately-surveyed":[50],"scene":[51],"geometry":[52],"that":[53],"is":[54,72,86,139],"manually":[55,130],"corresponded":[56],"with":[57],"visible":[58],"groundplane":[59],"landmarks":[60],"in":[61,77],"the":[62,66,78],"images.":[64],"In":[65],"experiments":[67],"reported":[68],"here,":[69],"manual":[70],"segmentation":[71],"used":[73],"delineate":[75],"set":[82],"scaled":[84],"features":[85],"extracted":[87],"each":[89,94],"silhouette.":[91],"Classification":[92],"assigns":[93],"blob":[95],"one":[97],"four":[99],"vehicle":[100],"classes":[101],"(car,":[102],"van,":[103],"bus":[104],"bicycle/motorcycle)":[106],"two":[108],"feature-based":[109],"classifiers":[110],"(SVM":[111],"random":[113],"forests)":[114],"model-based":[117],"approach.":[118],"Results":[119],"are":[120],"presented":[121],"for":[122,141],"10-fold":[123],"cross":[124],"validation":[125],"study":[126],"involving":[127],"over":[128],"2000":[129],"labeled":[131],"silhouettes.":[132],"peak":[134],"classification":[135],"performance":[136],"96.26%":[138],"observed":[140],"SVM.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}