{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029835614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2010.5625097","title":"Vision-based drowsiness detector for a realistic driving simulator","display_name":"Vision-based drowsiness detector for a realistic driving simulator","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029835614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2010.5625097","mag":"2029835614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2010.5625097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2010.5625097","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109774474","display_name":"Iv\u00e1n Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3345-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament of Electronics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament of Electronics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072118555","display_name":"S. Bronte","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Bronte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament of Electronics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament of Electronics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077780013","display_name":"Luis M. Bergasa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0087-3077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. M. Bergasa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament of Electronics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament of Electronics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003434757","display_name":"Noelia Hern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-9498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189268942","display_name":"Universidad de Alcal\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04pmn0e78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Hernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departament of Electronics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departament of Electronics, University of Alcal\u00e1, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189268942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109311554","display_name":"Blanca Delgado","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Delgado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Project Department, ESM, Asturias, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Project Department, ESM, Asturias, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112475945","display_name":"M. Sevillano","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Sevillano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Project Department, ESM, Asturias, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Project Department, ESM, Asturias, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6773,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92072671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"887","last_page":"894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11142","display_name":"Advanced Glycation End Products research","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9358999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7371723651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7237850427627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6814684867858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.5525335669517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5171319842338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5072338581085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.42634865641593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.41788867115974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.33045390248298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08270221948623657}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7371723651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7237850427627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6814684867858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.5525335669517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5171319842338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5072338581085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.42634865641593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.41788867115974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33045390248298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08270221948623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itsc.2010.5625097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2010.5625097","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116278252","https://openalex.org/W127442730","https://openalex.org/W644131779","https://openalex.org/W1505840745","https://openalex.org/W1528846925","https://openalex.org/W1555912304","https://openalex.org/W1597987670","https://openalex.org/W1991446846","https://openalex.org/W2007435391","https://openalex.org/W2018102962","https://openalex.org/W2027858965","https://openalex.org/W2029546031","https://openalex.org/W2049712033","https://openalex.org/W2052770734","https://openalex.org/W2057719012","https://openalex.org/W2083767335","https://openalex.org/W2091984081","https://openalex.org/W2093449404","https://openalex.org/W2100034063","https://openalex.org/W2135980307","https://openalex.org/W2140336646","https://openalex.org/W2145372317","https://openalex.org/W2155217597","https://openalex.org/W2160595088","https://openalex.org/W2567285002","https://openalex.org/W3097096317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591813577","https://openalex.org/W2005258723","https://openalex.org/W2131715830","https://openalex.org/W2034794801","https://openalex.org/W2749898144","https://openalex.org/W2468469523","https://openalex.org/W3028818454","https://openalex.org/W2100757269","https://openalex.org/W227899295","https://openalex.org/W3034835805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,17,47,56,93,101,126],"nonintrusive":[4],"approach":[5],"for":[6,151],"monitoring":[7],"driver":[8,31],"drowsiness,":[9],"based":[10,76,187],"on":[11,77,137,142,188],"computer":[12],"vision":[13],"techniques,":[14],"installed":[15],"in":[16,27,32,43,46,100,154],"realistic":[18],"driving":[19],"simulator.":[20],"An":[21,96],"IR":[22],"stereo":[23,160],"camera":[24],"is":[25,66,106,191],"placed":[26],"from":[28],"of":[29,89,103,144,158,164,184],"the":[30,37,67,81,87,90,114,133,138,155,159,165,182,185],"order":[33],"to":[34],"obtain":[35],"PERCLOS,":[36],"most":[38],"confident":[39],"drowsiness":[40],"parameter":[41],"[1],":[42],"real-time":[44],"and":[45,49,59,73,83,86,118,125,147,175],"robust":[48],"automatic":[50],"way.":[51],"Our":[52],"proposal":[53],"doesn't":[54],"need":[55],"calibration":[57],"process":[58],"includes":[60,71],"three":[61],"main":[62],"stages.":[63],"The":[64,110,129],"first":[65],"pre-processing":[68],"stage,":[69],"which":[70],"face":[72],"eye":[74,97,153],"detection":[75],"appearance":[78],"strategy":[79,99],"using":[80,92,121],"Viola":[82],"Jones":[84],"algorithm,":[85],"equalization":[88],"eyes":[91,139],"Hat":[94],"transformation.":[95],"tracking":[98],"sequence":[102],"image":[104],"frames":[105],"then":[107],"carried":[108,176],"out.":[109,177],"second":[111],"stage":[112,131],"executes":[113,132],"pupil":[115],"position":[116],"extraction":[117],"its":[119],"characterization":[120],"integral":[122],"projection":[123],"techniques":[124],"Gaussian":[127],"model.":[128],"final":[130],"PERCLOS":[134],"estimation,":[135],"depending":[136],"closed":[140],"rate":[141],"duration":[143],"time":[145],"interval":[146],"fusing":[148],"information":[149],"obtained":[150],"each":[152],"two":[156],"images":[157],"camera.":[161],"For":[162],"evaluation":[163],"proposed":[166],"system":[167],"several":[168],"experiments":[169],"have":[170],"been":[171],"designed":[172],"by":[173],"psychologists":[174],"A":[178],"preliminary":[179],"study":[180],"about":[181],"performance":[183],"proposal,":[186],"confusion":[189],"matrixes,":[190],"presented.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}