{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7116961941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itnac66378.2025.11302589","title":"A Serverless Federated Learning Framework with Blockchain and Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"A Serverless Federated Learning Framework with Blockchain and Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7116961941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itnac66378.2025.11302589"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itnac66378.2025.11302589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itnac66378.2025.11302589","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 35th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025234301","display_name":"Shahid Latif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6368-2729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Latif","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the West of England,Bristol,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of England,Bristol,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066157144","display_name":"Djamel Djenouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9333-9860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","display_name":"University of the West of England","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwg5t34","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Djamel Djenouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the West of England,Bristol,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the West of England,Bristol,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113119142","display_name":"Jawad Ahmad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University,Alkhobar,Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University,Alkhobar,Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025234301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80679735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.7225000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.7225000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.12890000641345978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.09950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.723800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7124000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5406000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.3953999876976013}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8194000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.723800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7124000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5406000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17145767","display_name":"Trust management (information system)","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204806902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333581","display_name":"Semantic security","level":5,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18396474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465888","display_name":"Secure multi-party computation","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itnac66378.2025.11302589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itnac66378.2025.11302589","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 35th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6762025952339172,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308239","display_name":"EMI","ror":"https://ror.org/01qstkr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338463","display_name":"CHIST-ERA","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3176582776","https://openalex.org/W4386156801","https://openalex.org/W4388017375","https://openalex.org/W4391528765","https://openalex.org/W4392303055","https://openalex.org/W4399666159","https://openalex.org/W4400409839","https://openalex.org/W4401326396","https://openalex.org/W4401344496","https://openalex.org/W4409136636","https://openalex.org/W4411232461"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"federated":[1],"learning":[2],"(FL)":[3],"architectures":[4],"are":[5,19],"vulnerable":[6],"to":[7,21,56,91,180,191],"significant":[8],"security":[9],"risks.":[10],"Centralized":[11],"servers":[12],"create":[13],"single":[14],"points":[15],"of":[16,145,170],"failure":[17],"and":[18,32,81,121,148,167,173,200],"susceptible":[20],"adversarial":[22],"attacks":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"model":[26,39],"poisoning.":[27],"Additionally,":[28],"they":[29],"lack":[30],"auditability":[31],"do":[33],"not":[34],"provide":[35],"cryptographic":[36],"privacy":[37,102],"during":[38],"aggregation.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"proposes":[43],"a":[44,63,78,141],"serverless":[45],"FL":[46],"framework":[47,61,139],"that":[48,137],"integrates":[49],"blockchain":[50],"technology":[51],"with":[52,131,165],"CKKS":[53,89],"homomorphic":[54],"encryption":[55,90,166],"address":[57],"these":[58],"challenges.":[59],"The":[60,160],"utilizes":[62],"decentralized":[64,122],"consensus":[65,168],"mechanism":[66],"based":[67],"on":[68,97,127],"Practical":[69],"Byzantine":[70,85],"Fault":[71],"Tolerance":[72],"(PBFT),":[73],"eliminating":[74],"the":[75,104,128,138,183],"need":[76],"for":[77,118],"central":[79],"coordinator":[80],"ensuring":[82],"robustness":[83],"against":[84],"faults.":[86],"It":[87],"incorporates":[88],"enable":[92],"secure":[93,199],"aggregation":[94],"through":[95],"computation":[96],"encrypted":[98],"gradients,":[99],"preserving":[100],"data":[101],"throughout":[103],"training":[105],"process.":[106],"Furthermore,":[107],"it":[108],"introduces":[109],"an":[110],"auditable":[111],"trust":[112],"management":[113],"system":[114],"using":[115],"smart":[116],"contracts":[117],"immutable":[119],"logging":[120],"reputation":[123],"tracking.":[124],"Experimental":[125],"results":[126],"MNIST":[129],"dataset,":[130],"$20":[132],"\\%$":[133,147,151,190],"malicious":[134,155],"clients,":[135],"demonstrate":[136],"achieves":[140],"final":[142],"global":[143],"accuracy":[144,187],"$98.68":[146],"attains":[149],"$100":[150],"precision":[152],"in":[153,197],"rejecting":[154],"updates":[156],"without":[157],"false":[158],"positives.":[159],"computational":[161],"overhead":[162],"remains":[163],"practical,":[164],"times":[169],"0.814":[171],"sec":[172],"1.695":[174],"$ms$":[175],"per":[176],"round,":[177],"respectively.":[178],"Compared":[179],"existing":[181],"methods,":[182],"proposed":[184],"approach":[185],"improves":[186],"by":[188],"$1.68":[189],"$10.68":[192],"\\%$,":[193],"demonstrating":[194],"its":[195],"effectiveness":[196],"enabling":[198],"privacypreserving":[201],"FL.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-23T00:00:00"}