{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390394315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itnac59571.2023.10368511","title":"Meta-TFEN: A Multi-Modal Deep Learning Approach for Encrypted Malicious Traffic Detection","display_name":"Meta-TFEN: A Multi-Modal Deep Learning Approach for Encrypted Malicious Traffic Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390394315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itnac59571.2023.10368511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itnac59571.2023.10368511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itnac59571.2023.10368511","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 33rd International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111102701","display_name":"RuoYang Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"RuoYang Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070520850","display_name":"Jinlong Fei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JinLong Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016039620","display_name":"Hao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-8947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083796252","display_name":"Yuefei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-8783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YueFei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080002208","display_name":"Kai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9007-6030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100551174","display_name":"Fang Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111102701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3526,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68300493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"98","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8085153102874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7551282644271851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.670137882232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.6521167755126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6229535937309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5438684821128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5178782939910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5124397873878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.466907799243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.4370725154876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41932398080825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.41367030143737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2701730728149414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8085153102874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7551282644271851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.670137882232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.6521167755126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6229535937309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5438684821128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5178782939910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5124397873878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.466907799243927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4370725154876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41932398080825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.41367030143737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2701730728149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itnac59571.2023.10368511","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itnac59571.2023.10368511","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 33rd International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029043047","https://openalex.org/W2041855183","https://openalex.org/W2149600645","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2897924986","https://openalex.org/W2912711574","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W2963065250","https://openalex.org/W2966556534","https://openalex.org/W2981318525","https://openalex.org/W3000027147","https://openalex.org/W3091867980","https://openalex.org/W4206832809","https://openalex.org/W4312993246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535080110","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W306312984","https://openalex.org/W857189463","https://openalex.org/W2761785940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malware":[0],"poses":[1],"a":[2,39,101],"significant":[3],"threat":[4],"to":[5,58,83,93,106],"internet":[6],"security.":[7],"Existing":[8],"deep":[9,41],"learning-based":[10],"methods":[11,144],"for":[12,46,104],"malware":[13],"traffic":[14],"detection":[15,30,95],"typically":[16],"rely":[17],"on":[18,118],"single-modal":[19],"features,":[20,71],"overlooking":[21],"the":[22,63,85,111,138],"heterogeneity":[23],"of":[24,65,74,110,115,147],"encrypted":[25,48],"traffic,":[26],"thus":[27],"limiting":[28],"their":[29],"performance.":[31,96],"To":[32],"address":[33],"this":[34,36,98],"limitation,":[35],"paper":[37,99],"proposes":[38],"multi-modal":[40,60],"learning":[42],"approach":[43],"called":[44],"Meta-TFEN":[45],"detecting":[47],"malicious":[49],"traffic.":[50],"The":[51,113,132],"method":[52,140],"utilizes":[53],"TCN,":[54],"Bi-GRU,":[55],"and":[56,72,89,121],"LSTM":[57],"extract":[59],"features":[61,73,92],"including":[62],"payload":[64],"secure":[66],"transport":[67],"layer":[68],"protocols,":[69],"statistical":[70],"TLS":[75],"encryption":[76],"activities.":[77],"It":[78],"employs":[79],"an":[80],"fusion":[81],"network":[82],"capture":[84],"dependencies":[86],"between":[87],"modalities":[88],"integrates":[90],"discriminative":[91],"enhance":[94],"Additionally,":[97],"uses":[100],"meta-learning":[102],"framework":[103],"classification":[105],"enable":[107],"rapid":[108],"deployment":[109],"model.":[112],"performance":[114],"Meta-TEEN":[116,139],"evaluated":[117],"public":[119],"datasets":[120],"its":[122],"applicability":[123],"in":[124,145],"real-world":[125],"environments":[126],"is":[127],"explored":[128],"using":[129],"real":[130],"samples.":[131],"experimental":[133],"results":[134],"clearly":[135],"demonstrate":[136],"that":[137],"surpasses":[141],"other":[142],"state-of-the-art":[143],"terms":[146],"accuracy.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}